Respiratory System (Lecture) Flashcards
What is an obstructive respiratory condition?
Pt has difficulty exhaling all air from the lungs
What is a restrictive respiratory condition?
Pt cannot fully fill their lungs w/ air. “Restricted” from expanding
Define COPD
Category of respiratory disorders in which airflow is difficult or obstructed. Usually refers to bronchitis or emphysema.
Define Bronchitis
- obstructive
- chronic inflammation, mucus overproduction, and fibrosis from inhaled irritants
Define Emphysema
- Obstructive and restrictive
- Chronic lung irritation causes macrophages to release enzymes destroying alveolar walls and elastin making exhalation difficult and trapping huge volumes of air giving a barrel chest appearance
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Restrictive
- Lung disorder in premature lungs where lack of alveolar surfactant causes alveoli to collapse on exhalation and requires tremendous effort on inhalation to reinflate.
What parts of the Larynx are paired and what are they attached to?
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Arytenoid Cartilage
All attached to vocal cord
Larynx
The voicebox
- cartilage skeleton (mostly hyaline cartilage)
- same function as conducting zone
- produce sound
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Epiglottis
- Elastic Cartilage
- closes off while eating
Glottis - Space between vocal cords
- overuse results in laryngitis
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Thyroid Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
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Cricoid Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
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Arytenoid Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
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Vocal Cords (Ligaments)
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Carina
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Primary Bronchi
- 1 left, 1 right
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Secondary Bronchi
- 2 left, 3 right
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Tertiary Bronchi
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Terminal Bronchiole
- No cartilage, wrapped with smooth muscle
1. Simple Columnar ET
2. Simple Cuboidal ET
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Respiratory Bronchiole
- No cartilage, wrapped with smooth muscle
1. Simple Columnar ET
2. Simple Cuboidal ET
What is specified in the diagram and what type of cells does it contain?
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Alveoli
- Simple Squamous ET
1. Type I cells (SSET)
2. Type II cells (creates Surfactant to prevent alveolar walls from sticking together) - Alveolar Macrophages (fixed)
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Visceral Pleura
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Parietal Pleura
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Pleural Cavity
- Filled with Pleural fluid
What is the function of the respiratory system?
- Gas exchange
- Speech
- Blood Ph Regulation
Upper respiratory tract
Nasal cavity –> Pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx –> Alveoli
Nasal Cavity
- Conducting Zone-warms, humidifies, and filters air
- Nasal cavity—> Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory zone-gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles—>alveoli
Respiratory epithelium
Part of the nasal cavity. Pseudostratified columnar ET w/ goblet cells and cilia
1. Warms air - Large superficial blood vessels
2. Humidify Air - mucus and submucosal secretions
3. Filtration - mucus
Pharynx
Same function as conducting zone
1. Nasopharynx - opening of auditory tube (eustachian tube)
Separated by soft palate and uvula (Fx: close off nasopharynx when swallowing)
2. Oropharynx - Tonsils
3. Laryngopharynx - leads to larynx
Sleep Apnea
loss of elastic fibers in the uvula
Trachea
Windpipe
- Same Fx as conducting zone
- C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage (tracheal Cartilage: fx is to maintain shape of trachea)
Asthma
Occurs from bronchiole constriction and thick mucus