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ANAT 231 > Reproductive System (lecture) > Flashcards

Reproductive System (lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Male reproductive system function

A
  • produce sperm
  • deliver sperm
  • secondary sex characteristics (testosterone)
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2
Q

Anatomy of testis

A
  • capsule
  • seminiferous tubules
  • epididymis
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3
Q

Testis capsule

A
  • DICT
  • outside of testes
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4
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A
  • SCET
  • production of sperm
  • contains developing spermatids
  • sustentacular cells: “sustain” spermatids
  • interstitial cells: make testosterone
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5
Q

Epididymis

A

storage site of sperm (20 days to mature)
- increased motility

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6
Q

Head of sperm

A

contains:
- acrosome: contain acrosomal enzymes to penetrate egg
- nucleus: contain one copy of DNA

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7
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

contains mitochondria for ATP production to power movement

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8
Q

Tail of sperm

A
  • single flagellum
  • motility
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9
Q

Descent of testes

A
  • gubernaculum: ligament that pulls testes at 8-9 month fetus
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10
Q

Undescended testes

A

can result in infertility
Tx: laparoscopic surgery

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11
Q

What is the spermatic cord and what are its structures?

A

Travels through inguinal cavity
1. Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
2. cremaster muscles
3. Testicular artery
4. testicular vein
5. lymphatic vessels
6. nerves

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12
Q

Describe testicular vein

A

contains pampiniform plexus which cools arterial blood

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13
Q

Cremaster muscles function

A

Contains smooth muscles
Controls location of testes

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14
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A
  • when small intestine goes through inguinal canal
  • most common during exercise
    Tx: surgery
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15
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A
  • testes inside scrotum twists on spermatic cord
  • cause: sudden change in temperature combined with movement
    Tx: surgical unwinding
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16
Q

What is variocele?

A
  • varicose veins in pampiniform plexus
  • veins unable to cool blood in artery
  • number one cause of male infertility
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17
Q

What is testicular cancer?

A
  • most common cancer for males in their 20’s
  • not very fatal; highly diagnosable
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18
Q

Vas Deferens

A
  • leads from epididymis to prostate
  • only filled during ejaculation
  • vasectomy: male tubes tied
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19
Q

Describe the pathway of sperm

A
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20
Q

What are the glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. seminal vesicle
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbourethral gland
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21
Q

Seminal vesicle functions

A
  • produce seminal fluid (60% of semen)
  • fructose - feeds sperm (make atp)
  • prostaglandins: uterine contractions
  • fibrinogen: coagulate semen
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22
Q

Prostate gland functions

A
  • make prostate fluid (40% of semen)
  • zinc: neutralize vaginal acidity
  • prostate-specific antigen (PSA): liquify semen to allow sperm to swim
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23
Q

Bulbourethral gland functions

A

Lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation

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24
Q

What is an enlarged prostate?

A
  • prostate always grows
  • dysuria: enlarged prostate compresses urethra
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25
Q

Prostate cancer

A
  • common because prostate is always growing
  • slow growing tumor
26
Q

What structures make up the erectile body of the penis?

A
  1. corpus cavernosum
  2. corpus spongiosum
    • contains spongy urethra
27
Q

Broken penis

A
  • capsule breaks and blood leaks
  • DICT takes longer to heal
    Tx: Drain blood, cast placement
28
Q

Female reproductive system functions

A
  1. egg maturation and ovulation
  2. gestation
  3. childbirth
  4. breastfeeding
  5. maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics
29
Q

Function of ovaries

A

produce eggs and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)

30
Q

Describe the layers of the ovary

A
31
Q

Describe Oogenesis (ovarian cycle)

A

Woman born with 450,000 primordial follicles

32
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Releases estrogen and progesterone to maintain lining of uterus

33
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

A

It dies and becomes corpus albicans

34
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is a pregnancy?

A

Stays for the whole pregnancy

35
Q

How do fraternal twins occur?

A

Two eggs are released during ovulation and are fertilized by two different sperm

36
Q

How do identical twins occur?

A

One egg is released and fertilized by a single sperm, but fertilized cell divides

37
Q

Fallopian tube functions

A
  • Pseudostratified Columnar ET w/ cilia
  • where fertilization occurs (distal 1/3 of tube)
38
Q

Whate are the finger like structures at the end of fallopian tubes?

A

fimbriae

39
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  1. Tubal pregnancy - stick to the fallopian tube during pregnancy
  2. Peritoneal pregnancy - fertilization occurs in the peritoneal cavity

Both 100% fatal without intervention

40
Q

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

A
  • umbrella term for inflammation of pelvic cavity
  • Sx: Abdominal pain, scar tissue
41
Q

What is the process in which a female gets her “tubes tied” as a method of birth control?

A

Tubal ligation

42
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle

A

Day 1: - first day of menstruation
- stratum functionale sheds

Day 7: Grafian follicle releasing estrogen to start building stratum functionale

Day 14: - LH produced by PG to induce ovulation
- corpus luteum secretes progesterone to continue building stratum functionale

Day 28: Corpus luteum dies. Hormone levels drop. Stratum functionale sheds

43
Q

What are uterine fibroids?

A
  • lumps of hard CT in uterus
  • idiopathic
  • extremely painful
  • leading cause of infertility in women
  • number one cause of hysterectomy
44
Q

What is endometriosis?

A
  • endometrial cells in peritoneal cavity
    Sx: severe abdominal pain correlated to menstrual cycle
45
Q

Cervical cancer

A
  • correlated with HPV. (Tx: gardisal vaccine)
46
Q

Describe the vagina

A
  • muscular tube (NKSSET)
  • Fx: intercourse and childbirth
    • low pH to protect from infection
47
Q

What is the vestibule of the vagina?

A

Space between labia minora
- contains external urethral and vaginal orfices

48
Q

What are vestibular glands?

A

Bulbourethral gland
Release lubricant during sex.

49
Q

What is the female equivalent of the scrotum?

A

Labia majora

50
Q

What is the female equivalent of the corpura cavernosa (erectile tissues)

A

Labia minora

51
Q

What is the female equivalent of the glans penis?

A

Clitoris

52
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor, and what is its function?

A

Fx: hold organs in place

  1. bulbospongiosus muscle
  2. levator ani muscle
  3. external anal sphincter
  4. urogenital diaphragm
  5. central tendon; perineum
53
Q

What muscles are outlined in green?

A

bulbospongiosus muscle
- part of urethral sphincter

54
Q

What muscles are outlined in orange?

A

Levator ani muscle
- lifts sigmoid colon during defecation

55
Q

What muscles are outlined in dark blue?

A

external anal sphincter

56
Q

What muscles are outlined in light blue?

A

urogenital diaphragm
- urethral sphincter

57
Q

What structures are outlined in purple?

A

Central tendon; perineum
- connects all pelvic floor muscles

58
Q

How can you strengthen your pelvic floor muscles?

A

Kegel exercises

59
Q

What is an episiotomy?

A

surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall performed during the second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the aperture allowing the baby to pass through

60
Q

What is a prolapsed uterus?

A
  • most common from multiple childbirths

ANAT 231 (41 decks)

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