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ANAT 231 > Nervous System (Lecture) > Flashcards

Nervous System (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Define function of the nervous system

A
  1. Respond to internal and external stimuli
  2. Coordination
  3. Higher functioning (learning, behavior, memory, etc)
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2
Q

Central Nervous system components

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Components of peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves and receptors

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4
Q

Neuron function

A
  1. Receive signal
    2. Transmit signal
    3. Send signal (affect another cell)
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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • layers of plasma membrane wrapped around axon
  • glial cell
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6
Q

Describe saltatory conduction

A

Action potential jumps between nodes of ranvier

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7
Q

What are glial cells (glia) and what are the different types?

A

Supporting cells for neurons

  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Microglia
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8
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes

A
  • make myelin sheath in the CNS
  • Myelinates multiple regions of multiple neurons
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9
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Autoimmune disease that damages oligodendrocytes which results in the loss of myelin sheath of neurons
  • degenerative disease
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10
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A
  • make myelin sheath in the PNS
  • myelinates one region of one neuron
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11
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A
  • autoimmune disease that attacks Schwann cells which disrupts myelin sheath production of peripheral nerves
  • reversible, non-degenerative disease
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12
Q

Define astrocytes

A

Acts as blood-brain barrier (filters anything going from the blood to neurons)

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13
Q

Define Microglia

A

Macrophages in brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Define gray matter (CNS)

A
  • cell bodies, dendrites, etc.
  • information processing
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15
Q

White matter (CNS)

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • signal transmission
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16
Q

Nerves

A

collection of axons (PNS)

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17
Q

Tract

A

Collection of axons (CNS)

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18
Q

Ganglion (Ganglia)

A

Cell bodies (PNS)

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell bodies (CNS)

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20
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Collection of Nerves

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21
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Afferent neurons
  • Carry info to CNS
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22
Q

Interneurons

A
  • association neurons
  • neurons in CNS
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23
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Efferent Neurons
  • leave CNS
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24
Q

Describe the Brain

A
  • Localization of function -> coordinated and integrated function
  • contralateral function
    • R & L hemispheres
      - Connected by Corpus
      callosum
      - Divided by longitudinal
      fissure
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25
Q

Describe the cerebrum

A
  • higher level functioning
  • cerebral cortex (gray matter)
  • gyrus sulcus - folds and grooves in brain
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26
Q

Significant gyri of frontal lobe

A
  • separated by central sulcus
  • Gyrus (I)
    • Precentral (primary motor cortex)
    • postcentral (primary somato-sensory cortex)
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27
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
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28
Q

Describe the thalamus

A
  • Relay center (sensory information, except smell)
  • Many nuclei
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29
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A
  • controls endocrine system through the pituitary gland
  • Controls autonomic nervous system
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30
Q

Describe the epithalamus

A
  • pineal gland (circadian rhythm regulation through release of melatonin)
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31
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • post central gyrus
  • somatosensory association area (parietal lobe)
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32
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

primary visual association area

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33
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

primary association area

34
Q

Broca’s area function

A

makes speech

35
Q

Wernicke’s area function

A

comprehend speech

36
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

primary motor association area

37
Q

What structures make up the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
38
Q

Midbrain

A
  • visual and auditory reflexes
    • corpura quadrigemina
      • superior colliculi (visual)
      • Inferior colliculi (auditory)
39
Q

Pons

A

nuclei for cranial nerves

40
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • controls muscles of breathing
  • reticular activating system (how awake you are. acted on by melatonin)
    - Ex: TBI induced encephalopathy pushes on medulla oblongata leading to coma
41
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordinates movement with basal ganglia through proprioceptors found in joints, tendons, and muscles
    • the basal ganglia ensures smooth movement
42
Q

What is affected by the limbic system?

A
  1. smell
  2. emotions
  3. behavior
  4. planning
  5. memory
  6. control physiological function

They are all affected by pheromones

Smell is received by the olfactory bulb

43
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • prefrontal lobe -> higher level function, behavior emotions
44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Converts short term memory to long term memory

45
Q

What is dementia?

A
  • Brain degeneration
  • thinking, memory, and control of body all degrade
  • muscular problems
  • personality changes
  • fatal
46
Q

Alzheimers

A
  • type of dementia where beta-amyloid plaques are present
47
Q

Lewy body dementia

A
  • type of dementia where lewy bodies are present (plaques of lewy protein)
48
Q

Vascular dementia

49
Q

Dementia Secondary to Trauma

A
  • most common in athletes
  • concussions (significant damage to brain causing syncope)
  • CTE
50
Q

Spinal cord

A

Comes off medulla oblongata, exits foramen magnum to L1 and L2 vertebrae

51
Q

two types of Spinal Tracts

A

Ascending pathway and descending pathway

52
Q

Ascending pathway; spinal tract

A
  1. Dorsal column pathway
    - somatic senses
    - sends signal to thalamus to postcentral gyrus
  2. Spinocerebellar tract
    - from proprioceptors
    - send signal to cerebellum
53
Q

Descending Tract; spinal tract

A
  1. corticospinal tract
    - from pre-central gyrus
  2. vestibulospinal tract
    - from basal ganglia
54
Q

Falx cerebri

A

large, crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that descends vertically into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

Superior Sagittal Sinus

A

All sinuses drain into internal jugular

56
Q

Arachnoid Villus

A

Drain CSF into SSS

57
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. Allows brain to float (decrease weight of brain and maintain shape)
  2. Cushions brain
  3. Drains fluid from CNS (no lymphatic system)
58
Q

Describe CSF circulation

A
  1. Made in choroid plexus
  2. Fills and travels through ventricles
  3. central canal of spinal cord
  4. subarachnoid space
  5. arachnoid villi
  6. Supra Sagittal Sinus
59
Q

Describe travel of CSF through ventricles

A

2nd lateral ventricles -> 3rd lateral ventricles -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> central canal of spinal cord

60
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • blockage in cerebral aqueduct (congenital or tumor)
  • massive brain damage
  • fatality risk lower in Peds because of incomplete skull formation
    Tx: - remove blockage
    - shunt placed to remove excess fluid
61
Q

Meningitis

A
  • meninges inflammation; can result in encephalitis
    Dx: Lumbar puncture
    Initial Sx: headache w/ stiff neck
    Tx: medication
62
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage

A
  • from trauma
  • ICP increases pressure on brain
    Tx: Drain blood
63
Q

Epidural Injection

A
  • Epidural space lower than spinal cord
  • local anesthetic
64
Q

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Elevated BGL

65
Q

Shingles

A
  • Dormant in dorsal root ganglion
    Dx: striated rash
66
Q

Compare Sympathetic and Parasympathetic functions

A

Sympathetic
- fight/flight
- increased HR & RR
- slow digestion
dilate pupils

Parasympathetic
- rest and digest
- decreased HR and RR
- speed digestion
- constrict pupils

67
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain felt from organs felt somewhere else due to innervation

68
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Inflammation of trigeminal nerve (CN V) causing it to get pinched in foramen of the skull

69
Q

Bells Palsy

A

Inflammation of Facial nerves (CN VII) causing loss of function in facial movement

70
Q

Dermatomes

A

Region of skin innervated by single spinal nerve

71
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve

Sensory nerve for smell

72
Q

CN II

A

Optic Nerve

Sensory nerve for vision (from retina)

73
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve

Motor nerve to 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles

Parasympathetic nerve to iris and ciliary body

74
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear Nerve

Motor nerve to 1 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles

75
Q

CN V

A

V_1 Ophthalmic branch
- Sensory nerve (touch, pain, etc.) from upper third of face

V_2 Maxillary Branch
- Sensory nerve from middle third of face and upper teeth

V_3 Mandibular Branch
- sensory nerve from lower third of face and lower teeth
- motor nerve to muscles of mastication

76
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens Nerve
- Motor nerve to 1 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles

77
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve
- Sensory Nerve for taste (from taste buds)
- Motor nerve to muscles of facial expression
- Parasympathetic nerves to lacrimal, nasal, and most salivary glands

78
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- sensory nerve for hearing and balance (from Inner ear)

79
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- sensory nerve from posterior tongue (touch, pain, etc.), pharynx, and some taste buds
- motor nerve to muscles involved in swallowing
- Parasympathetic nerve to one salivary gland

80
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve
- Sensory nerve from thoracic and abdominal organs
- parasympathetic nerve to thoracic and abdominal organs

81
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory Nerve
- Motor Nerve to muscles of larynx and pharynx, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid

82
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve
- Motor nerve to muscle of the tongue

ANAT 231 (41 decks)

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