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Cells & Tissues (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Membrane that surrounds the cell

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2
Q

Plasma membrane structure?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Proteins

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3
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Separates the cell from the extracellular fluid

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4
Q

What does cholesterol do for the cell?

A

Stabilizes membrane fluidity

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5
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

Allow material to enter/exit cell. Also allows for communication between cells

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6
Q

All cells:

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Undergo metabolism to make ATP
  3. Respond to environment
  4. Made of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
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7
Q

Differentiated Cells

A

Specific function and cell shape

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8
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide indefinitely

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9
Q

Stem cell types

A

Daughter cells
Unipotent stem cells (osteoblasts)
Pluripotent stem cells (blood stem cells)
Totipotent stem cells (fertilized egg)

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Structures within a cell that carry our particular functions. (Must be surrounded by membrane)

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11
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid that organelles float in. Mostly made of water with dissolved ions, nutrients, etc.

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, stores DNA and makes RNA

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region within nucleus that makes ribosomes

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Makes ATP from glucose

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes to make secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and organelle proteins

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages proteins into vesicles and sends them to proper location

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18
Q

Vesicles:

A
  • transport vesicles
  • secretory vesicles
  • storage vesicles
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19
Q

Lysosome

A

Containing digestive enzymes. Digests old organelles, etc. (apoptosis)

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20
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Metabolism of Carbohydrates and lipids. Stores calcium, and detoxifies

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21
Q

Free Ribosome

A

Structures that are used to read RNA and make proteins that stay in the cytosol

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made of protein filaments:

  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filament
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23
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Maintain cell shape

- allows movement within cell

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24
Q

Microfilament

A
  • cell movement

- change cell shape (actin & myosin)

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25
Intermediate Filament
Give cells physical strength (keratin)
26
Simple Squamous Epithelium is found where?
Found where lots of diffusion is required
27
Simple cuboidal epithelium are found where?
Found in areas of some diffusion (glands)
28
What are some characteristics of a Simple columnar epithelium?
May have goblet cells: secrete mucus
29
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Always have goblet cells | Ciliated vs. Non-ciliated
30
Stratified Epithelial Tissue purpose and the different types
Provides protection against abrasions 1. Stratified squamous epithelia 2. Stratified cuboidal 3. Transitional epithelium
31
Stratified squamous epithelia
1. Keratinized (only in epidermis) | 2. Non-keratinized (mouth, throat, vagina, anus)
32
Stratified cuboidal
Line ducts
33
Transitional Epithelium
Stretch (bladder, urethra, etc)
34
Types of connective tissue
1. Fibrous CT | 2. Special CT
35
Components of all Fibrous CT
Cells: - Fibroblasts - leukocytes - adipocytes Extracellular Matrix: - Interstitial fluid - collagen fibers - elastic fibers - reticular fibers - Blood vessels - nerves
36
Fibroblasts
Make protein fibers (ex. collagen)
37
Leukocytes
Macrophages, mast cells (release histamine)
38
Adipocytes
Store fat
39
Collagen fibers
Give strength, turn H2O to gel
40
Reticular Fibers
Create mesh to hold cells in place
41
Interstitial fluid contains what?
Contain H2O, gas, hormones, and waste
42
Blood vessels role for cells
Leak plasma; become ECM
43
Nerves
Provide sensation
44
Types of fibrous CT
Loose and dense fibrous. Loose fibrous CT contain more ground substance, less fiber. Dense fibrous CT contain less ground substance, more fiber.
45
Types of loose fibrous CT
Areolar CT: underneath all ET Adipose tissue: Store fat Reticular CT: create a net to hold cells in place
46
Type of dense fibrous CT
Dense regular CT: collagen fibers run parallel (strong in 1 direction) ex: Ligament Dense Irregular CT: collagen fibers different directions (multi-directional strength) ex: skin
47
Epithelial Tissue function and attributes
1. Form a continuous layer of cells 2. All attached to basement membrane. Its function is to attach to ET and CT and act as a filter between ET and CT 3. Avascular; nutrients and O2 come from areolar CT 4. polarity; basal surface and apical surface
48
Intercellular Junctions types
1: Tight Junction 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap junction
49
Tight Junction function?
Closes gap between cells
50
Desmosomes
1: physically attach cells 2: Attached to intermediate filaments
51
Gap Junctions
Open channel between cells to allow for communication
52
How to classify ET
1. Structure -simple vs stratified -shape 2. Function -Dry -moist I. mucosae-lined with mucus II. Serosae watery substance
53
Types of special CT
- cartilage - Bone tissue - blood
54
Cartilage characteristics and types
semi-solid ECM; avascular 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. fibrocartilage 3. elastic cartilage
55
Bone tissue types
Rigid ECM 1. Compact bone 2. spongy bone
56
Blood has what kind of ECM?
Fluid ECM
57
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
58
Exocrine Glands
glands that secrete into ducts
59
Classification of glands
- type of secretion - method of secretion - structure
60
Glands based on type of secretion
1. serous gland (watery) ex. sweat glands 2. mucous gland 3. mixed gland (serous and mucous secretion) ex: salivary gland 4. oil gland (oil/waxy) ex: sebaceous gland
61
Glands based on method of secretion
1. merocrine gland (exocytosis) ex: most sweat glands,, mucus glands 2. apocrine glands (break off apical PM) ex: mammary gland, prostate gland 3. holocrine gland (entire cell dissolves) ex: sebaceous gland
62
Glands based on structure
1. Unicellular gland. ex: goblet cell 2. Multicellular gland i. tubular or alveolar gland a. simple (1 duct) ex: sweat gland (simple tubular) b. compound (2+ ducts) ex: mammary gland ( compound alveolar)
63
apoptosis
planned destruction of cells
64
Benign Tumor
non-cancerous. tx: removal
65
Cancer Stages
``` 0. Benign Growth I. Broke through base membrane II. spread into connective tissue III. Entered bloodstream IV: Metastasis ```
66
Carcinoma
Epithelial Tissue Cancer
67
Metastasis
Developed past origin point
68
Sarcoma
Connective Tissue Cancer

ANAT 231 (41 decks)

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