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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A
  1. support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation
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2
Q

Framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs

A

Support

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3
Q

Protects internal organs and fragile body parts: heart, lungs, brain, lungs, spinal cord, etc.

A

Protection

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4
Q

bones act as levers for muscles

A

movement

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5
Q

bones acts as a storage for Calcium and Phosphate

A

Mineral storage

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6
Q

is the blood cell production process

A

“hematopoiesis”

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7
Q

2 Regions of long bone

A
  • Diaphysis
  • epiphysis
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8
Q

*Shaft
* Composed of compact bone

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

*Ends of the bone
* Composed mostly of spongy bone

A

Epiphysis

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10
Q

Bone cells that aids in remodelling

A
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoclast
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11
Q

the bone cell that buids a new bone

A

Osteoblast

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12
Q

the mature bone cell

A

Osteocyte

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13
Q

the bone cell that eats bone

disslve and break down old or damaged bone cells

A

Osteoclasts

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14
Q

Changes in the human skeleton

A
  • Embryos: primary hylaine cartilage
  • During development: much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
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15
Q

In embryos, the skeleton is ___ ___ ___

A

primarily hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

During the development, what happens to the cartilage?

A

Much of it is replaced by bone

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17
Q

Where does cartilage remain?

A

Isolated areas like;
- Bridge of nose
- Parts of ribs
- Joints

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18
Q

by definition, it is the process of bone formation

A

(Bone) ossification

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19
Q

Types of Bone Ossificiation

A
  • Endrochondral ossification
  • Intramembranous ossification
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20
Q

cartilage to bone

(Process by which growing cartilage is replaced by bone to form growing skeleton)

A

Endochondral ossification

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21
Q

bony structure between the epiphysis and diaphysis)

A

Epipyseal plate

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22
Q

4 regions of epiphyseal plate

A
  1. “resting” cartilage cells
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. zone of hypertrophy
  4. zone of calcification
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23
Q

*Membranous tissue to bone
*In flat bones of the skull

A

Intramembranous ossification

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24
Q

addition on sides of osseous tissue

A

Appositional growth

25
Q

Growth of intramembranous ossification

A
  • By appositional growth
26
Q

Growth of Endochondral ossification

A
  • By inner expansion
27
Q

a break in a bone

A

Bone fractures

28
Q

Types of bone fractures

A

a. Closed (simple) fracture
b. Open (compound) fracture

29
Q

break that does not penetrate the skin

A

Closed (simple) fracture

30
Q

broken bone penetrates through the skin

A

Open (compound) fracture

31
Q

Common types of fractures

A
  • Comminuted
  • Compression
  • Depressed
  • Impacted
  • Spiral
  • Greenstick
32
Q

bone breaks into many fragments

  • particularly common in the aged (whose bones are more brittle)
A

Comminuted

33
Q

bone is crushed

  • common in porous bones
A

Compression

34
Q

a type of fracture where broken bone portion is pressed inward

-typical of a skull fracture

A

Depressed

35
Q

a type of fracture where broken bone ends are forced into each other

  • when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
A

Impacted

36
Q

a type of fracture where ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

  • common sport fracture
A

Spiral

37
Q

a type of fracture where bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adults

  • common in children (bones are more flexible)
A

Greenstick

38
Q

Stages in the healing of bone fracture

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
39
Q

Effects of Growth hormones in bones

A
  • Hyposecretion
  • Hypersecretion
40
Q

Hyposecretion/removal of pituitary gland

A

results in premature cessation of transformation of chondrocytes to bones in epiphysis

41
Q

Hypersecretion

A

giantism/acromegaly

42
Q

Effects of Parathormone in bones

A

Overactivity

43
Q

Effects of Thyroxine in bones

A
  • Defiency in young- delayed/incomplete ossification causes softer bones
44
Q

Effects of estrogen in bones

A

Stimulate osteblastic activity

45
Q

Head shape and delivery methods

A
  • Cesarean operation (Small pelvic measurements)
  • Natural delivery (Average pelvic)
  • Instrumental delivery (placing forceps0
46
Q

Methods of delivery is determined thru?

A
  • Diamter of female pelvis
  • Size of fetal skull
47
Q

‘cesarean operation’ no molding( different shape of head)

A

Small pelvic measurements

48
Q

‘natural delivery’ head is molded during its passage through birth canal

A

Average pelvic measurements

49
Q

placing forceps on head and pulling

A

Instrumental delivery

50
Q

Selected diseases and conditions of the skeletal system

A
  • Arthritis
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Osteoporosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Lordosis
  • Herniated Disk
51
Q

Usually affects the joins symmetrically

A

Arthritis

52
Q

causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers

  • Due to any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel
A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

53
Q

Means porous bones

A

Osteporosis

54
Q

is an abnormal curvature of the spine.

runs in families

More girls have severe scolosis

A

Scoliosis

55
Q

can occur as a result of developmental problems, arthrotos or osteporosis

Development of a hump in spine

A

Kyphosis

56
Q

Curvature in the back bone, giving a “swayback appearance”

A

Lordosis

57
Q

Soft inner central portion of intervertebral disk protrudes into vertebral canal and exerts pressure on spinal cord

A

Herniated Disk

58
Q

Operation/treatment for herniated disk

A

Laminectomy

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (18 decks)

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