Skeletal System Flashcards
Functions of skeletal system
- support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral storage
- Blood cell formation
Framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs
Support
Protects internal organs and fragile body parts: heart, lungs, brain, lungs, spinal cord, etc.
Protection
bones act as levers for muscles
movement
bones acts as a storage for Calcium and Phosphate
Mineral storage
is the blood cell production process
“hematopoiesis”
2 Regions of long bone
- Diaphysis
- epiphysis
*Shaft
* Composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
*Ends of the bone
* Composed mostly of spongy bone
Epiphysis
Bone cells that aids in remodelling
- Osteoblast
- Osteocyte
- Osteoclast
the bone cell that buids a new bone
Osteoblast
the mature bone cell
Osteocyte
the bone cell that eats bone
disslve and break down old or damaged bone cells
Osteoclasts
Changes in the human skeleton
- Embryos: primary hylaine cartilage
- During development: much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
In embryos, the skeleton is ___ ___ ___
primarily hyaline cartilage
During the development, what happens to the cartilage?
Much of it is replaced by bone
Where does cartilage remain?
Isolated areas like;
- Bridge of nose
- Parts of ribs
- Joints
by definition, it is the process of bone formation
(Bone) ossification
Types of Bone Ossificiation
- Endrochondral ossification
- Intramembranous ossification
cartilage to bone
(Process by which growing cartilage is replaced by bone to form growing skeleton)
Endochondral ossification
bony structure between the epiphysis and diaphysis)
Epipyseal plate
4 regions of epiphyseal plate
- “resting” cartilage cells
- Zone of proliferation
- zone of hypertrophy
- zone of calcification
*Membranous tissue to bone
*In flat bones of the skull
Intramembranous ossification
addition on sides of osseous tissue
Appositional growth
Growth of intramembranous ossification
- By appositional growth
Growth of Endochondral ossification
- By inner expansion
a break in a bone
Bone fractures
Types of bone fractures
a. Closed (simple) fracture
b. Open (compound) fracture
break that does not penetrate the skin
Closed (simple) fracture
broken bone penetrates through the skin
Open (compound) fracture
Common types of fractures
- Comminuted
- Compression
- Depressed
- Impacted
- Spiral
- Greenstick
bone breaks into many fragments
- particularly common in the aged (whose bones are more brittle)
Comminuted
bone is crushed
- common in porous bones
Compression
a type of fracture where broken bone portion is pressed inward
-typical of a skull fracture
Depressed
a type of fracture where broken bone ends are forced into each other
- when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
Impacted
a type of fracture where ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
- common sport fracture
Spiral
a type of fracture where bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adults
- common in children (bones are more flexible)
Greenstick
Stages in the healing of bone fracture
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilage callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
Effects of Growth hormones in bones
- Hyposecretion
- Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion/removal of pituitary gland
results in premature cessation of transformation of chondrocytes to bones in epiphysis
Hypersecretion
giantism/acromegaly
Effects of Parathormone in bones
Overactivity
Effects of Thyroxine in bones
- Defiency in young- delayed/incomplete ossification causes softer bones
Effects of estrogen in bones
Stimulate osteblastic activity
Head shape and delivery methods
- Cesarean operation (Small pelvic measurements)
- Natural delivery (Average pelvic)
- Instrumental delivery (placing forceps0
Methods of delivery is determined thru?
- Diamter of female pelvis
- Size of fetal skull
‘cesarean operation’ no molding( different shape of head)
Small pelvic measurements
‘natural delivery’ head is molded during its passage through birth canal
Average pelvic measurements
placing forceps on head and pulling
Instrumental delivery
Selected diseases and conditions of the skeletal system
- Arthritis
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Osteoporosis
- Scoliosis
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
- Herniated Disk
Usually affects the joins symmetrically
Arthritis
causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers
- Due to any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Means porous bones
Osteporosis
is an abnormal curvature of the spine.
runs in families
More girls have severe scolosis
Scoliosis
can occur as a result of developmental problems, arthrotos or osteporosis
Development of a hump in spine
Kyphosis
Curvature in the back bone, giving a “swayback appearance”
Lordosis
Soft inner central portion of intervertebral disk protrudes into vertebral canal and exerts pressure on spinal cord
Herniated Disk
Operation/treatment for herniated disk
Laminectomy
