General Introduction Flashcards
IS THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Physiology
Mostly producers
Plants
Consumers
Animals
Unlimeted scheme of growth
Plants
Limited growth
Animals
Non-motile and must rely on immediate nutrient sources
Plants
Can move around
Animals
Use large amounts of CO2
Plants
Give off CO2
Animals
Conserve nitrogen
Plants
Give off nitrogen as waste
Animals
Transport fluids/food through vascular tissues
Plants
Vascular tissues of plants
Xylem
Phloem
Bloodstream
Animals
Growth throughout their entire lifetime
Plants
Reaches a certain stage and growth more or less stops
Animals
Father of Modern Physiology
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
What did bernard observe
Internal environment remains constant despite changing external environment
coined the term ‘Hemeostasis’
Walter Cannon (1871-1945)
Describe the stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Two themes of physiology
Intergation
Homeostasis
takes in oxygen
and removes waste gases.
Respiratory system
responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of our bodies.
Cardiovascular system
Global umbrella organization for physiology
International Union of Physiological Sciences
Each of our body systems are interconnected and dependent on each other
Organ systems interrelationships
Nutrients and oxygen
are distributed ___
Blood
Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by __ and ___ ___
Urinary and respiratory systems
The Biological hierarchy (in order)
A. Molecule
B. Organelle
C. Cell and tissue
D. Organ
Four types of Tissue
- Connective
- Muscle (contractile)
- Nerve
- Epithelial
Binds together or supports cells, other tissues/organ
Connective tissue
- Contracts on stimulation
- Movement, posture and heat production
Musle (contractile) tissue
Conducts nerve tissue impulses throughout the body
Nerve tissue
Covers all body sufaces
Epithelial tissue
What does epithelial tissue do?
A protective barrier against the environment
The major organ system
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
- Nervous
- Endocrine
Definitions of homeostasis
- Dynamic Equilibrium
- Inspite multiple stimuli
- Maintained by negative feedback
is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Stimulus
- Change detected by receptor
- Input information
- Ouput information
- Response of effected feeds back
Detects change
Receptor
Produces change in variable
Stimulus
is accomplished through the nervous and endocrine systems
Regulaion of homeostasis
Basic components of homeostatic control
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
DETECTS CHANGES (STIMULI) IN THE BODY
A receptor
DETERMINES A SET POINT FOR A NORMAL RANGE.
Control Center
CAUSES THE RESPONSE
DETERMINED BY THE CONTROL CENTER.
Effector
regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change.
Negative Feedback
What does negative feedback mechanism do?
Decrease the intensity of stimulus or eliminates it
Examples of Negative feedback
Regulation of blood glucose levels
enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated
Positive feedback mechanism
Examples of positive feedback mechanisms
- Infrequent events such as blood clothing or childbirth
Does not mainted homeostasis
Positive feedback
Positive feedback mechanism in blood clothing
- Break or tear in blood vessel wall
- Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to the site then release chemical
- The chemical attracts more platelets
- Clotting proceeds until break is sealed
Aging reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis
Heat stress
If a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium is not corrected, illness occurs
Homeostatic Imbalances
Examples of homeostatic imbalances
- chills
- fevers
- elevated white blood counts
