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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

The functions of Muscle system

A
  • Provides voluntary movement of body
  • Maintain Posture
  • Produces heat
  • Provides movement of internal organs
  • Causes involuntary actions
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2
Q

Voluntary movement produced by the body

A
  • Enables breathing, blinking, and smiling
  • Allows you to hop, skio or do push-ups
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3
Q

The movements of internal organs provided by muscular system

A
  • Moves food through digestive tract
  • Enables bladder control
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4
Q

What involuntary actions does muscular system cause?

A
  • Reflex actions
  • Adjusts opening of pupils
  • Causes hair to stand on
    end
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5
Q

Properties of muscle

A
  • Excitability
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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6
Q

capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

A

Excitability

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7
Q

ability of a muscle to shorten and generate pulling force

A

Contractility

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8
Q

muscle can be stretched back to its original length

A

Extensibility

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9
Q

ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched

A

Elasticity

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10
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • Made up of contractile fibers
  • Provides movement
  • Controlled by nervous system
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11
Q

consciously controlled

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

not under conscious
control

A

Involuntary

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13
Q

Two main types of colored muscle fibers

A
  • Red (slow) fibers
  • White (fast) fibers
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14
Q
  • greater number of mitochondria
  • contain high concentration of myoglobin
  • react at a slow rate; do not undergo fatigue even with sustained contraction
A

Red (slow) fibers

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15
Q

Example of red fibers

A
  • Postural muscles
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16
Q

muscles which are opposed to gravity

A

Postural muscle

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17
Q

-contain little myoglobin/mitochon
- react rapidly and undergo anaerobic respiration
-generate force quickly but not for long durations

A

White (fast) fibers

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18
Q

Example of white fibers

A

Fingers and eye movements

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19
Q

postural muscles that are capable of rapid contraction at times

A

Intermediate fibers

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20
Q

Example of intermediate fibers

A

Calf muscle

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21
Q

supports leg but also capable of running, walking, jumping

A

Calf muscle

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22
Q

Differences between red and white fibers

A
  • Number of mitochondria and concentration of myoglobin
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23
Q
  • stimulate muscle fibers to contract
  • Neuron axons branch so that each muscle fiber is innervated
  • Form a neuromuscular junction
A

Motor neurons

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24
Q
  • Muscles require large amts of energy
  • Extensive vascular network delivers necessary oxygen and nutrients and carries away metabolic waste produced by muscle fibers
A

Capillary beds surround muscle fibers

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25
Q

Location of skeletal muscle type

A

attached to bone

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26
Q

Location of cardiac muscle type

A

Heart

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27
Q

Location of smooth muscle type

A

Walls of internal organs + skin

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28
Q

Function of skeletal muscle type

A

Movement of bone

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29
Q

Function of cardiac muscle type

A

Beating of heart

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30
Q

Function of smooth muscle type

A

Movement of internal organs

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31
Q

Control mode of skeletal muscle type

A

Voluntary

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32
Q

Control mode of cardiac and smooth muscle type

A

Involuntary

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33
Q

Shape of skeletal muscle type

A

Long + slender

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34
Q

Shape of cardiac muscle type

A

Branching

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35
Q

Shape of smooth muscle type

A

Spindle shape

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36
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle type

A
  • Striated- light and dark bands
  • Many nuclei
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37
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle type

A
  • Striated
  • One or two nuclei
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38
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle type

A
  • Non-striated
    -One nucleus (visceral)
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39
Q

Contain two types of protein filaments

A

Myofibril

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40
Q

types of protein filaments present in myofibril

A

Actin and Myosin

41
Q

point of anchor of actin

42
Q

functional unit of a myofibril, region between Z discs

43
Q

Also known as the “thick” myofilament

44
Q

Also known as the “thin” myofilament

45
Q

Many elongated myosin molecules shaped like ____ ____

46
Q

Single filament contains roughly ___ myosin molecules

47
Q

Molecule consists of two heavy myosin molecules wound together to form a ___ ___ ___ ___ to the myosin myofilament and two heads that ___ ___.

A
  • rod portion lying parallel
  • extend laterally
48
Q

What does myosin heads do?

A
  • Can bind to active sites
  • Attached to the rod portion by a hinge region
  • Have ATPase activity
49
Q

Major protein components of Actin “thin” myofilaments

A
  1. F (fibrous) actin
  2. Tropomyosin
  3. Troponin
50
Q

Two strands of fibrous (F) actin form a ___ ___ elongating the myofilament

A

Double helix

51
Q

attached at either end at sarcomere

A

Two strands of Fibrous actin

52
Q

Actin site can bind ___ during muscle contraction.

53
Q

Actin: Composed of G actin monomers each of which has a ___-___ ___

A

myosin-binding site

54
Q

an elongated protein winds along the groove of the F actin double helix.

A

Tropomysin

55
Q

Subunits of troponin

A
  • Tn-A
  • Tn-T
  • Tn-C
56
Q

troponin subunit that binds to actin

57
Q

Troponin subunit that binds to tropomyosin

58
Q

Troponin subunits that binds to calcium ions

59
Q

is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies

A

A Motor Unit

60
Q

The Nerve-Muscle Functional Unit

A

Motor unit

61
Q

HAVE SMALL MOTOR PROTEINS

A

Muscles that control fine movments (Fingers, Eyes)

62
Q

Have large motor units

A
  • Large weight-bearing muscles (Thighs, hips)
63
Q

stores Ca++ when muscle not is contracting

A

SR (Sarcoplasmic reticulum)

64
Q

Description of SR

A
  • Elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Runs longitudinally, and surrounds each myofibril
  • Form chambers on either side
65
Q

Chambers created by SR on eitehr side of the T-tubules

A

Terminal cisternae

66
Q

A single T-tubule and the 2 terminal cisternae form a

67
Q

Where does stimulation occur?

A

Neuromuscular junction

68
Q

How do motor neurons communicate with muscle cells?

A

Neurotransmitters, carry impulse signal across the gap

69
Q

What happens when a muscle cell is stimulated?

A

Calcium ions are released into the muscle cell

70
Q

What do calcium ions do?

A

Cause interaction between actin and myosin

71
Q

How do actin and myosin interact?

A

Actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments

72
Q

What model explains this (Muscle contraction)

A

Sliding Filament Model

73
Q

What causes actin to slide over myosin?

A

The head of myosin connects to actin and pivots.

74
Q

What is this connection
called?

A

cross-bridge

75
Q

tension develops when filaments attempt to slide past each other

A

Mechanical changes

76
Q

Types of Muscle contraction

A
  1. Isotonic contraction
  2. Isometric contraction
77
Q
  • ‘same tension’
  • filaments are successful in sliding
  • results in shortening of muscle but tension remains the same
A

Isotonic contraction

78
Q

Ex of Isotonic contraction

A

Walking, lifting an object, bending knee, smiling

79
Q
  • ‘same length’
  • contraction without shortening
  • increased tension due to exertion against an immovable object
  • not successful in sliding
A

Isometric contraction

80
Q

Example of Isometric contraction

A

Posture, holding an object, standing still, opposing gravity

81
Q

a device that records and displays motion or pressure as a graph over time

82
Q
  • response after application of threshold stimulus
  • single, brief, jerky contraction
A

Muscle twitch

83
Q
  • stimuli applied in succession
  • cells do not get chance to relax between stimuli
  • can be summed up
84
Q
  • application of stimuli in rapid succession
  • no period of relation between them
  • contraction bec sustained and prolonged
  • may dev tension 4x as during a single twitch
85
Q
  • stimuli applied at slower rate than tetanus
    -increased fusion of twitches
  • individual contraction gradually becomes stronger for a short time though stimulus strength is unchanged
A

Treppe (staircase effect)

86
Q

state of partial contraction which gives muscles a certain firmness

87
Q
  • in smooth muscles only
    -ability to stretch w/o developing lasting increase in tension
  • dev resistance to stretching at first
    -later tension decreases and muscle adjusts to new length
A

Plasticity

88
Q

Example of Plasticity in muscle

A

in hollow visceral organs like urinary bladder, stomach, small intestines

89
Q

Muscle disorders

90
Q

is an injury to a muscle or tendon, and is often caused by overuse, force, or stretching

91
Q

Injured area experiences in strain

A
  • pain and soreness
  • swelling
  • warmth, bruising, or redness
  • difficulty using or moving the injured area in a normal manner
92
Q

Treatement for Muscle injuries

93
Q

Stop all activities which cause pain.

94
Q

Helps reduce swelling. Never ice more than 10 - 15 min. at a time. Protect the skin.

95
Q

Wrap the strained area to reduce swelling.

A

Compression

96
Q

Keep the strained area as close to the level of the heart as is conveniently possible to keep blood from pooling in the injured area.

97
Q

stiffness of skeletal muscles after death

A

Rigor Mortis

98
Q

Causes of rigor mortis

A
  • Myosin-actin crossbridges are still intact
  • Crossbridges left attached due to depletion of ATP
  • Bonds not broken-rigid muscles

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (20 decks)

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