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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of nervous system

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Integration
  3. Reaction
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2
Q

Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body

A

Sensation

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3
Q

The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response

A

Integration

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4
Q

The motor ouput of the nervous system

A

Reaction

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5
Q

Changes are known as

A

Stimuli

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6
Q

cells that monitor changes

A

receptors

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7
Q

The activation of muscles or glands

A

Motor output

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8
Q

Similarities of Nervous and Endocrine system

A

Both monitor stimuli and react as to maintain homeostasis

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9
Q

Differences between NS and ES

A
  • NS is rapid, and fast acting
  • ES is slower and action are longer lasting
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10
Q

are blood-borne chemical signals

A

Hormones

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11
Q

2 Big initial divisions of NS

A
  1. Peripheral NS
  2. Central NS
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12
Q

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral NS

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13
Q
  • The brain + the spinal cord
  • The center of integration and control
A

Central NS

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14
Q

3 kinds of neurons that connect CNS to the body

A

– sensory
– motor
– interneurons

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15
Q

CNS to muscles and organs

A

Motor neurons

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16
Q

sensory receptors to CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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17
Q

Connections Within CNS

A

Interneurons

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18
Q

Divisions of Peripheral NS

A

Sensory division
Motor division

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19
Q

it is the Afferent division

A

Sensory division

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20
Q

It is the Efferent division

A

Motor division

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21
Q

–Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
–Informs the CNS of the state of the body (interior and exterior)

A

Afferent division

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22
Q

–Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)
–Motor nerve fibers

A

Efferent division

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23
Q

Divisions of Sensory division

A

Somatic sensory
Visceral Sensory

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24
Q

Divisions of Motor Division

A

Somatic (Skeletal) NS
Autonomic NS

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25
Q
  • VOLUNTARY (generally)
  • Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
A

Somatic (or skeletal) NS

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26
Q
  • INVOLUNTARY (generally)
  • Conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
A

Autonomic NS

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27
Q

Divisions of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

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28
Q

The Autonomic NS division for “Fight or Flight”

A

Sympathetic NS

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29
Q

The autonomic division for “rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic NS

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30
Q

Involuntary movment that controlled by Automic NS

A

– heartbeat
– blood pressure
– respiration
– perspiration
– Digestion

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31
Q

2 cell types of Nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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32
Q

Functional, signal conducting cells

A

Neurons

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33
Q

Supporting cells

A

Neuroglia

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34
Q

Receive stimuli and
transmit action potentials

A

Neurons or nerve cells

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35
Q

organization of Neurons

A

Cell body (Soma)
Dendrites: Input
Axons: Output

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36
Q

4 types of Neuroglia found in CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Microglia
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37
Q
  • Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile
  • Guide the migration of developing neurons
  • Involved in the formation of the blood brain barrier
  • Function in nutrient transfer
A

Astrocytes

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38
Q

Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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39
Q
  • Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal
  • Help form choroid plexuses that secrete CSF
A

Ependymal cells

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40
Q

Specialized macrophages

A

Microglia

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41
Q

2 types of Glial in PNS

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
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42
Q
  • Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
  • Unknown function
A

Satellite cells

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43
Q
  • Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS.
  • Vital to neuronal regeneration
A

Schwann cells

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44
Q

When a cell is exposed to chemical signal for a prolonged period, it tends to lose ability to respond with its original intensity

A

Drug addiction

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45
Q

What does drug addiction do to receptor proteins?

A

They are exposed to high levels for neurotransmitter molecules for high periods of time

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46
Q

How does nerve cell response to prolonged period exposure of receptor proteins from neurotransmitters?

A

They respond by inserting fewer receptor proteins into the membrane

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47
Q

Neuromodulator that causes large amounts of neurotransmitters to remain in synapses for long periods of time

A

Cocaine

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48
Q
  • is made of the brain and the spinal cord
  • controls everything in the body.
A

The Central Nervous System

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49
Q

WHat does Spinal cord and brain consists of?

A

a. White matter
b. Grey matter

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50
Q

bundles of axons each coated with a sheath of myelin

A

White matter

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51
Q

masses of the cell bodies and dendrites each covered with synapses.

A

Gray matter

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52
Q

Location of each matter in Spinal cord

A
  • White matter at the surface
  • Gray matter inside
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53
Q
  • conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain
  • Conducts motor information
A

Spinal cord

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54
Q

actions that result from a nerve impulse passing over a reflex arc
- predictable response to a stimulus

A

Reflex actions

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55
Q

Examples of reflexes

A
  1. Knee jerk reflex
  2. Ankle jerk reflex- Archilles reflex
  3. Babinski reflex
  4. Plantar reflex
  5. Corneal reflex
  6. Abdominal reflex
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56
Q

extension of lower leg in response to tapping the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer

A

Knee jerk reflex

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57
Q

Knee jerk reflex are lost in some patients with…

A

Poliomyelitis and other diseases

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58
Q

extension of foot in response to tapping the Achilles tendon

A

Ankle jerk reflex-Achilles reflex

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59
Q

extension of great toe in response to stimulation of outer margin of sole of foot

A

Babinski reflex

60
Q

plantar flexion of all toes and a slight turning in and flexion of anterior part of foot in response to stimulation of outer edge of sole

A

Plantar reflex

61
Q

winking in response to touching cornea

A

Corneal reflex

62
Q

drawing in of abdominal wall in response to stroking the side of the abdomen

A

Abdominal reflex

63
Q

An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make

64
Q

By definition, it is three layers of tissue that protect and support the brain and spinal cord

A

The Meninges

65
Q

The three layers of tissue that creats the meninges

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

66
Q

pressed against the bony surface of the interior of the vertebrae and the cranium

A

Dura mater

67
Q

The fluid that fills the region between archnoid and pia mater

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

68
Q

Located between dura mater and pia mater

69
Q

the innermost layer of meninges, thin and delicate.

70
Q
  • Produced in the lateral ventricles
    – Absorbed by the arachnoid villi
71
Q

are specialized “absorbing” filters

A

Archnoid villi

72
Q

Parts that support the brain

A
  • Bone
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
73
Q

– Face Attachment
– Holds CSF and Supports Meninges

74
Q

– Main brain support
– Suspends, Compartmentalizes, and Coats

75
Q

– In a bony container, allows dissipation of sudden shocks (forces)

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

76
Q

Three regions of brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

77
Q

Parts of brainstem

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
78
Q

the part of the brain that connects the brainstem to the spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

79
Q

Functions of medulla oblongata

A
  1. Performs sensory, motor, reflex actions
  2. Contain, cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory centers (vital centers)
  3. Also contain centers for non-vital reflexes-vomitting, coughing, sneezing, hicuppping, swallowing
80
Q

Nerve impulses arising here rhythmically stimulate the intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Making…

A

Breatjing possible

81
Q

The receptors of neurons that control breathing

Where opiates (like heroin) bind

A

Mu receptors

82
Q
  • smallest region of the brain that acts as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information
83
Q

are involved in the control of body movement

A

Red nucleus and Substantia nigra

84
Q

It is associated with parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of neurons in Substantia nigra

85
Q
  • from Latin word meaning “bridge”
  • contains the sleep paralysis center of the brain and also plays a role in generating dreams
86
Q

Functions of Pons

A
  • Pneumotaxic centers which aid in respiration
  • Primarily deal with sleep, swallowing, bladder control, hearing etc
87
Q

serve as a relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

88
Q

*Represents 10% of the weight of the brain, but contains as many neurons as all the rest of the brain combined

A

Cerebellum

89
Q

a center for motor skills, posture and maintaining equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

90
Q

People with damage to their cerebellum are

A
  • able to contract their muscles, but their motions are jerky and uncoordinated.
91
Q

Parts of Diencephalon (interbrain)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

92
Q

chief sensory integrating center

-expressions of emotions

93
Q

All sensory input passes through thalamus exept?

94
Q

regulator/coordinator of autonomic activities

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

Receives vasopressin and oxytocin from the hypothalamus and releases them into the blood.

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

96
Q

What does damage to hypothalamus cause?

A

Homeostatis of body temp, blood chemistry etc, goes out of control

97
Q

The human forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

98
Q

The human forebrain (prosencephalon) is made up of a pair of large

A

Cerebral hemisphere

99
Q

Functions of cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. Sensory functions
  2. Motor function
  3. Integrative function
100
Q

Types of sensory functions by cerebral hemisphere

A

a. Somatic senses
b. Special senses

101
Q

Sensory areas of cebral hemisphere

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Somatosensory association areas
  • Visual areas
  • Auditory areas
  • Olfactory cortex*
  • Gustatory cortex
102
Q

movement of limb muscles

A

Motor functions

103
Q

Types of motor functions

A

a. Primar motor cotex
b. premotor cortex
c. Broca’s area
d. Frontal eye field

104
Q

a brain region that’s critical for voluntary movement

A

Primary motor cortex

105
Q

controls learned motor skills of a repetitive and patterned nature

A

Premotor cortex

106
Q
  • present usually in left hemisphere only
  • directs muscles involved in articulation
A

Broca’s area

107
Q

controls voluntary movement of the eye

A

Frontal eye field

108
Q

Integrative function of brain hemisphere

A

a. Consciousness
b. Language
c. Emotions
d. memory

109
Q

communicate with primary sensory areas and with motor cortex to analyze, recognize and act on sensory inputs

A

Association areas

110
Q

anterior portion of - frontal lobes; most complicated region

  • involved with intellect, cognition and personality
A

Pre-frontal area

111
Q

What does PFA control?

A
  • abstract ideas, judgment, reason, persistence, planning, concern for others and conscience
112
Q

When did PF lobotomy happened?

A

cure during 1930s-1950s

113
Q

what does Lobotomy do to pre-fontal?

A

severs connections to PFC

114
Q

what happens when there is a Tumors in PFC-mental/personality disorders?

A
  • wide mood swings
  • loss of attentiveness
  • inhibitions
  • person oblivious to social restraints and careless about personal appearance
115
Q

gnostic or ‘knowing’

A

General interpretation area

116
Q

where is General interpretation area located?

A

Usually in left hemisphere

117
Q

what does gnostic do?

A
  • helps understand the situtation and decides on appropriate response
118
Q

how does gnostic function?

A
  • receives inputs from sensory association areas— integrates all incoming signals into one though or understanding
119
Q

what happens when there is a injury in gnostic area?

A

one becomes an imbeclie (one’s ability to interpret situation is lost)

120
Q

occur in both hemispheres

includes Wenicke’s area

A

Language areas

121
Q

involved in sounding out unfamiliar words

A

Wernicke’s area

122
Q

involved in non-verbal, emotional components of language ( tone/lilting of voice)

A

Affective language areas

123
Q

individual tells you (honestly) he is happy to see you with a flat voice and stony facial expression

124
Q
  • ‘split-brain concept’
  • ‘division of labor’
  • Each hemisphere has unique abilities not shared by the other
A

LATERALIZATION OF CORTICAL FUNCTIONING

125
Q

*Cerebral dominance for Left

A

dominant for language, math, logic

126
Q

*Cerebral dominance for Right

A
  • Visual/spatial skills
  • intuition
  • emotion
  • appreciation of art and music
127
Q

are generally left-handed and more often male

A

right dominant people

128
Q

____ of individuals with left-cerebral dominance are ______

A

90%
right-handed

129
Q

___roles of hemispheres are reversed or they share functions___

A

10%
equally

130
Q

Results of cerebral confusion and learning disabilities

A
  • Ambidexterity
  • Dyslexia
131
Q

mutuality of brain control

A

Ambidexterity

132
Q

-due to lack of cerebral dominance
- people reverse order of letters or syllables in words or words in sentences

133
Q

Disorders of the CNS

A
  1. Hydrocephalus
  2. Epilepsy
  3. Multiple sclerosis
  4. Alzheimer’s disease
  5. Adrenoleukodystrophy
  6. CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
  7. Celebral Palsy
134
Q

obstruction in drainage of csf cure- shunt(tube) to drain excess fluid

A

Hydrocephalus

135
Q
  • characterized by seizures
  • sudden abnormal bursts of neuron activity that result in temporary changes in brain function
136
Q

Epilepsy is controlled by _____ which block neurotransmitters in affected areas of brain

A

anticonvulsive drugs

137
Q

what does epilepsy do to jaw muscles?

A

Causes strong contractions

138
Q

nervous tissue is replaced by connective tissue which results in hardened patches everywhere

A

Multiple sclerosis

139
Q

degenerative disease; plaque formation in synaptic vesicles

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

140
Q

How is Alzheimer’s disease characterized?

A
  • By extreme forgetfulness
  • Mood swings
  • Dementia
  • Fatal
  • Hereditary
141
Q
  • corrosion of myelin sheath; sex-linked
  • sensory-neural disorder;irreparable damage
A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

142
Q

What kind of inheritance is Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

X-linked diease (Affects male)

143
Q
  • results in destruction of neurons of the motor area of cerebrum due to hemorrhage or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels
A

Cerebrovascular accident

144
Q
  • permanent damage to motor areas of brain which remains throughout life
A

Cerebral pasly

145
Q

Possible causes of cerebral palsy

A
  • Mechanical trauma
  • Nerve-damaging poisons
  • prenatal infections of mother
  • reduced oxygen supply to brain due to difficult delivery

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (20 decks)

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