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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Module 7: Animal Integument > Flashcards

Module 7: Animal Integument Flashcards

1
Q

is the outer covering of the animal body, a protective wrapping

A

Integument

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2
Q

What is included in integumentary system

A
  • Skin
  • All structures derived from or associated with such as hair, setae, feather and horns
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3
Q

Functions of Integumentary System

A
  1. Protective wrapping
  2. Regulatory and Excretory functions
  3. Sensory functions
  4. Behavioral interactions between individuals
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4
Q

– mechanical protection against abrasion and puncture
– effective barrier against bacteria
– moisture proofing against fluid loss or gain
– protect underlying cells against UV

A

Protective wrapping

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5
Q

Osmo-and Thermoregulation, due to the presence of sweat glands and other structures.

A

Regulatory and Excretory Functions

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6
Q

Integument has a variety of sensory receptors that can detect pain, touch, heat, pressure, etc.

A

Sensory functions

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7
Q

Senses heat or cold

A

Thermo-receptor

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8
Q

senses “touch”

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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9
Q

Senses pain

A

nociceptor

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10
Q

Senses “pressure”

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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11
Q

-Pigmentation usually affects how individuals interact with other individuals or species.

A

Behavioral interactions between individuals

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12
Q

What signals indicate wheter the snake is venomous or not

A

Coloration signals

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13
Q

Red touches _____, your OK jack

A

Black (Harmless) (King snake)

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14
Q

Red touches ____, You’re a dead fellow

A

Yellow (Deadly) (Coral Snake)

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15
Q

Integumentary system in Invertebrates

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Epidermis
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16
Q

Many protozoans have only a delicate ___

A

Cell or plasma membrane

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17
Q

uses of cell or plasma membrane for many protazoans?

A

External Coverings

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18
Q

functions for gas exchange, waste removal by simple diffusion, and uptake of dissolved nutrients

A

Protozoan integument

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19
Q

What did some protazoans developed?

A

A protective pellicle

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20
Q

By definition it is a THIN skin or film covering for certain protozoans

A

Pellicle

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21
Q

It is made up of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells

A

Epidermis

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22
Q

It is the principal covering

A

Single layered Epidermis

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23
Q

Epidermal integument is delicate and soft in mollusks and contain mucous glands, which secrete the calcium carbonate of the shell.

A

Molluscan Integument

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24
Q

What does epidermal integument in mollusks contain?

A

Mucous glands, which secrete the calcium carbonate of the shell.

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25
Q

What does mollusks integument consists?

A
  • Cuticle
  • Simple epidermis
  • Layer of connective tissue
  • layer of reflecting cells
  • Thicker layer of connective tissue
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26
Q

Iridocytes

A

layer of reflecting cells

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27
Q

arthropods have the most complex of integuments because their integument can also perform

A

Skeletal functions

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28
Q

One of the defining feature of arthropod integument

A

Hardening of cuticle layer

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29
Q

Different Means of hardening Processes that act on procuticle layer

A
  1. Calcification
  2. Sclerotization
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30
Q

deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layers of procuticle, which is observed in crustaceans.

A

Calcification

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31
Q

protein molecules (sclerotin) bond together with stabilizing cross-linkages within and between adjacent lamellae of the procuticle

A

Sclerotization

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32
Q

is tough, highly resistance and water insoluble.

A

Sclerotin

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33
Q

Where is sclerotization observed?

A

In insects

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34
Q

uses their integument as an exoskeleton

A

Arthropods

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35
Q

Disadvantage of exoskeleton

A
  • In ability to grow with the animal
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36
Q

the shedding process of exoskeleton

A

Molting or ecdysis

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37
Q

The process of Molting in arthropods

A
  • epidermal cells divide by mitosis
  • epidermis secretes enzyme to digest procuticle
  • absorption of digested materials
  • new epicuticle and procuticle formed
  • new cuticle is thickened and calcified or `sclerotized.
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38
Q

Invertebrate integument

A

Exoskeleton

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39
Q

The vetebrate integument

A

Skin

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40
Q

Two main layers of skin

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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41
Q

Albeit not part of the skin, consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and nerve endings, separates the skin from the deeper tissues

A

Hypodermis

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42
Q

is made up of stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

A

The epidermis

43
Q

What does the epidermis made up of?

A

Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

43
Q

undergo frequent mitosis to replace the outer layer of cells

A

Cells of the basal part

44
Q

cells that are highly resistant to abrasion and water diffusion

A

Cornified

45
Q

Epidermal layers (bottom to top_

A
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
46
Q

Also known as stratum germinativum. The cells that undergo constant cell division

Lies closest to epidermis.

A

Stratum Basale

47
Q

What does Stratum Basale contains?

A
  • One layer of cuboidal stem cells.
48
Q

receive adequate nourishment through diffusion of nutrients from the dermis.

A

Cuboidal stem cells

49
Q

found right above the stratum basale and is about 8-10 cell layer thick

A

Stratum spinosum

50
Q

Two changes observed in the cells of Stratum Spinosum

A
  1. Conversio of cuboidal cells into keratinocytes
  2. Presence of many desmosomes that adjoin adjacent cells.
51
Q

Why is it termed “Spinosum”

A

cellular projections make the cells in this layer appear spined

52
Q

is found right above the stratum spinosum and is about 3-5 cell layer thick.
- cells in this layer assume the flattened appearance

A

Stratum Granulosum

53
Q

What does Cells in Stratum Granulosum

A
  • Start to produce keratin and keratohyalin
54
Q

the proteins that cause the grainy appearance of cells in this layer
- forms the outermost skin layer, naiils and hairs

A

keratin and keratohyalin

55
Q

is found right above the stratum granulosum in areas of the body that are constantly exposed to pressure, such as the palm, soles, and digits

  • Cells in this layer are dead and flattened
  • Not found everywhere
A

Stratum Lucidum

56
Q

a protein derived
from keratohyalin.

rich in lipids which makes the layer lucid (transparent) and water resistant

A

Eleidin

57
Q

It is a thick layer, with around 15-30 cell layers.

This entire layer is constantly shedding and is replaced with a completely new layer every 4 weeks.

A

Stratum Corneum

58
Q

Stratum corneum’s property confers this later the ability of:

A
  • the ability to protect the deeper layers
    from abrasion, dehydration, and microbial infection.
59
Q

which is found directly below the epidermal layer, is made up of dense connective tissue layer.

A

Dermis

60
Q

What does dermis contains?

A
  • blood vessels
  • collagenous fibers
  • nerves
  • pigment cells
  • fat cells
  • fibroblasts.
61
Q

Function of Dermis

A
  • Provide support
  • Cushion
  • Nourishment of the epidermis
62
Q

Regions of Dermis

A
  • Papillary layer
  • Reticular layer
63
Q

is the upper dermal region. It is uneven and
has fingerlike projections from its superior surface, the dermal papillae, which indent the epidermis above.

A

Papillary layer

64
Q

Receptors found in papillary layer

A
  • Nociceptors
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
65
Q

What does the ventral side in hands and feet of papillae form?

A

Loop and whorled ridges that increase friction and enhancen gripping ability

66
Q

Are genetically determined

A

Papillary patterns

67
Q

It is the deepest skin layer that contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles).

A

Reticular layer

68
Q

Examples of Accesory structures of the skin

A
  • glands
  • scales
  • hairs
  • nails
  • claws and feathers etc.
69
Q

are found in the skin, which secrete various
products

A

Glands

70
Q

Types of glands

A

a. Sebaceous Glands
b. Sweat Glands
c. Ceruminous Glands
d. Mammary glands
e. Uropygial Glands
f. Mucous Glands

71
Q

are usually connected to hair follicles. They secrete sebum, an oily fluid made up of fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, and cell debris.

A

Sebaceous Glands

72
Q

What does sebum do?

A
  • Moistens hair
  • Waterproofs skin
73
Q

also known as
sudoriferous glands, are simple, coiled, tubular glands that secrete watery fluid we commonly know as sweat

A

Sweat Glands

74
Q

2 Types of sweat glands

A
  • Eccrine Sweat Glands
  • Apocrine Sweat Glands
75
Q

release sweat by merocrine secretion, i.e., the secretory products leave the cell via exocytosis.

A

Eccrine sweat glands

76
Q

What does Eccrine produce?

A

Diluted sweat, which is mostly water with a few salts

77
Q

release their secretory products by budding off the apical layer of the cell.
- found in the arm pits and near the genitals

A

Apocrine sweat glands

78
Q

are found in the outer ear. They secrete cerumen or earwax. Together with the hair, it traps foreign objects that might enter into the canal.

A

Ceruminous Glands

79
Q

Why does Ceruminous glands seep out wax?

A

To keep tympanoc membrane, soft, pliable and waterproof

80
Q

only in mammals and are functional only in the females.
- They produce milk, a watery mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins via apocrine secretion.

A

Mammary Glands

81
Q

a certain disorder results to the formation of multiple nipples in humans along the ventrolateral axi

A

Polymastia

82
Q

also known as preen glands, are found only in birds, and are located at the base of the tail behind the pygostyle

A

Uropygial Glands

83
Q

are found mostly in amphibians and serve various functions from water and temperature regulation to reproduction

A

Mucous Glands

84
Q

is formed by division of the well nourished germinal epithelial cells in the hair bulb at the inferior end of the follicle

A

Hairs

85
Q

Parts of Hair

A
  • Follicle
  • Papilla
  • Sebaceous Gland
  • Hair shaft
86
Q

the hair canal

A

Follicle

87
Q

the organ that feeds hair growth

A

Papilla

88
Q

structure which has hardened - keratinized

A

Hair Shaft

89
Q

types of hair (produced by follicle)

A

a. Lanugo
b. Vellus hair
c. Terminal Hair

90
Q

the fine hair that covers nearly the entire body of embryos

A

Lanugo

91
Q

the short, fine, “peach fuzz” body hair that grows in most places on the human body in both sexes

A

Vellus Hair

92
Q

the fully developed hair, which is generally longer, coarser, thicker, and darker than vellus hair.

A

Terminal Hair

93
Q

is a scale like modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals

A

Nails

94
Q

is responsible for
nail growth

A

Nail matrix (The Thickened proximal area)

95
Q
  • Serves as an important recognition mark or warning coloration
  • Subdued or crytpic when used for comoflouge
A

Structures for Coloration

96
Q

Animal coloration may due to

A
  • Structural coloration
  • Pigmentation
97
Q

certain colors are produced by the physical structure of the surface tissue, which reflects certain light wavelengths and eliminates others

A

Structural Color

98
Q

The more common means of coloration is through the use pigments.

A

Pigmentation

99
Q

Know animal pigments

A
  • Melanin
  • Carotenoids
100
Q

a group of black or brown polymers responsible for various earth colored shades that most animals wear

A

Melanins

101
Q

yellow and red colors which are frequently contained within special pigment cells (xanthophores)

A

Carotenoids

102
Q

excessive consumption of carrots
- condition where beta- carotene levels in the blood goes up and changes the color of the skin to orange.

A

Carotenemia

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (18 decks)

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