Lec. 1 - Principles of Physiology Flashcards
deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physiologist
Subdisciples of Physiology
- Comparative physiology
- Environmental Physiology
- Evolutionary Physiology
- Developmental Physiology
- Cell Physiology
species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns
Comparative Physiology
examines organisms in the context of the environments they
inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)
Environmental Physiology
techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms
Evolutionary Physiology
how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development (from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood)
Developmental Physiology
vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves
- can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and
organ systems
Cell Physiology
what does cell Physiology understands?
- physiological response of; organs, tissue and organ systems
Central themes of physiology
- Structure/Function Relationship
- Adaptation, Acclimatization, Acclimation
- Homeostasis
Function is based on structure
structure/function relationships
How does structure-function relationship is clear in shape of bird wing?
Aerodymanic efficiency
four-chambered stomach with large rumen
Ruminant herbivore
Short intestine and colon, small cecum
Carnivore
Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival
Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation
evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose
physiology, anatomy, and behavior are
matched to the demands of its environment
- Generally irreversible
Adaptation
genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection
Physiological and anatomic adaptations
physiological, biochemical, or anatomic
change within an individual animal during its
life that results from an animal’s chronic
exposure in its native habitat to new,
naturally occurring environmental condition
•animal in migrate to high altitude
Acclimatization
changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or
in the wild by an investigator
•animal placed in hypobaric chamber
Acclimation
Regulation of homeostasis is accomplished
through the _____ and ____ systems
- nervous
- endocrine
antagonistic
hormones that help maintain glucose
homeostasis
Insulin and Glucagon
has clusters of endocrine cells
Pancreas
Endocrine cells are called
islets of Langerhans
produce glucagon
alpha cells
produce insulin
Beta cells
Hypoinsulinism
Diabetes mellitus
insulin-dependent
diabetes
Type I diabetes mellitus
- autoimmune disorder
- usually appears in childhood
Type I diabetes mellitus
Treatment for Type I diabetes
insulin injections
non-insulin-dependent
diabetes
Type II diabetes mellitus
usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin
- usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age
Type II diabetes mellitus
accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases
Type II diabetes mellitus
the ability of selected organisms to lose almost all water and enter a state of reversible ametabolism
Anhydrobiosis
Basic components of homeostatic control system
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
- Feedback
- Conformity and Regulations
*when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment
Conformity and regulation
environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions
Conformers
biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes
regulators
maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa
Osmoregulators
