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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

are glandular secretory
cells that release hormones directly into the interstitial fluids, lymphoid system, or blood

A

Endocrine cells

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2
Q

alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs

A

Hormones

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3
Q

where do endocrine cells release hormones directly?

A
  • interstitial fluids
  • lymphoid system
  • blood
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4
Q

“pure” endorcine glands

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal

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5
Q

Other organs containing endocrine cells

A
  • Pancreas
  • Thymus
  • gonads
  • Hypothalamus
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6
Q

acts as an endocrine organ, releasing the hormones ADH and oxytocin into the circulation at the neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe)

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

what do hypothalamus release?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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8
Q

where do Hypothalamus release the hormones?

A

Circulation at the Neurohypophysis

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9
Q

have direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal gland.

A

Autonomic centers

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10
Q
  • important homeostatic control center
    – Regulates water balance, hunger and satiety, body temperature, water balance
    – Controls the pituitary gland
A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

resembles a golf club with a stalk (or infundibulum) that extends from the hypothalamus and the head of the club as the gland

A

Pituitary gland

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12
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

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13
Q

anterior lobe

A

adenohypophysis

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14
Q

posterior lobe

A

neurohypophysis

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15
Q

Hormones released by Neurohypophysis

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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16
Q

Hormones released by Adenohypophysis

A

ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
FSH
LH

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17
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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18
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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20
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

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21
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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22
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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23
Q

Stores ADH and oxytocin which are actually produced in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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24
Q

inability to produce ADH

A

Diabetes insipidis

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25
Q

causes uterine contractions and milk letdown in lactation

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

It is controlled by hypothalamus by hypothalamic-releasing hormones

A

Anterior pituitary

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27
Q

Three anterior pituitary hormones that have effect on other glands

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • Gonadotrophic hormone
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28
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone

A

TSH

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29
Q

adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids

A

ACTH

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30
Q

stimulate the gonads to produce estrogen and testosterone

A

Gonadotrophic hormones

31
Q

3 anterior pituitary hormones do not affect other glands

A
  • MSH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
32
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates the melanocytes in the skin

A

MSH

33
Q

stimulates bone and muscle growth, increases protein synthesis and fat metabolism

A

Growth Hormone

34
Q

stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk

A

Prolactin

35
Q

Effect of GH on childhood

A

Lack of GH: pituitary dwarfism
Excess: Gigantism

36
Q

Effect of GH on Adulthood

A

Acromegaly

37
Q

Sits on thyroid cartilage of the larynx
- butterfly-like appearance

A

Thyroid gland

38
Q

from pituitary stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

TSH

39
Q

What does TSH do?

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • stimulate all body cells
  • more glucose is utilized to form ATP
40
Q

secreted by the follicular cells

A

T3 and T4

41
Q

where is T3 and T4 stored

A

colloid

42
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults-lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair

A

Myxedema

43
Q
  • Causes exophthalmic goiter-edema behind eyes causes bulging
  • Hyperactivity, arrythmias
A

Grave’s disease hyperthyroidism

44
Q

The Parathyroid Glands

A

Parathormone

45
Q

can result if parathyroids are removed or destroyed

A

Hypocalcemia

46
Q
  • Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of the immune system develop (thymosins)
  • Atrophies as one ages
A

Thymus

47
Q

What does thymus produce?

A

Melatonin

48
Q

structure of adrenal gland

A

Outer cortex
Inner medulla

49
Q

is under the control of ACTH

A

Cortex

50
Q

is a neurosecretory structure

A

Medulla

51
Q

– Long-term stress response
– Produces 2 main groups of hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

52
Q

2 main groups of hormones produced by Adrenal cortex

A
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
53
Q

– Regulate salt and water balance
– Aids in regulation of blood volume and pressure

A

Mineralocorticoids

54
Q

– Under control of ACTH
– Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism » Causes increase in blood glucose
– Anti-inflammatory

A

Glucocorticoids

55
Q

Malfuntions of Adrenal cortex

A
  • Addison’s disease
  • Cushing’s syndrome
56
Q
  • ACTH accumulates and causing bronzing of the skin from stimulation of melanocytes
  • Without cortisol, there is no mobilization of glucose under stress
A

Addison’s disease

57
Q

most serious in addisons disease

A

Hyposecretion of aldosterone

58
Q

elevated blood potassium

A

Hyperkalemia

59
Q
  • Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex
  • Excess cortisol is primary problem
A

Cushing’s syndrome

60
Q

Contains endocrine and exocrine cells

A

Pancreas

61
Q

form most of the gland
- secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine

A

Exocrine acinar cells

62
Q

are contained in spherical bodies
- pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
- about 1 million scattered among the exocrine cells

A

Endocrine cells

63
Q

4 major cells of each islets

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta cells
  • Delta cells
  • F cells
64
Q

cells for glucagon

A

Alpha cells

65
Q

Cells for insulin

A

Beta cells

66
Q

Cells for somatostatin

A

Delta cells

67
Q

growth-hormone inhibiting hormone

A

Somatostatin

68
Q

cells for – pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

A

F cells

69
Q

– Released after eating
– Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells

A

Insulin

70
Q
  • Released before eating when glucose is low
  • Targets liver and adipose tissue
  • Increases blood glucose
A

Glucagon

71
Q
  • Insulin-resistant
  • Obesity- adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function
  • Insulin levels are often low, and cells may not have sufficient insulin receptors
  • Controlled by diet, exercise, medications
A

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

72
Q

Long term complications of diabetes

A
  • Blindness
  • Kidney disease
  • Cardiovascular disorders
73
Q
  • Small pine-cone shaped gland (or epiphysis cerebri) - part of the epithalamus
A

Pineal gland

74
Q

Pineal gland, contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretory cells called

A

pinealocyte

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (20 decks)

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