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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Lec 3 - Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Lec 3 - Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Regulatory Mechanism

A
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
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2
Q

conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Specialized cell in nervous system

A

Neurons

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4
Q

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

(Animal) Hormones

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6
Q

Hormones which regulated insect metamorphosis

A
  • Steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone
  • Lipid juvenile hormone
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7
Q

Two types of glands

A
  • Exocrine Glands
  • Endrocrine Glands
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8
Q

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties

A
  • Exocrine glands
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9
Q

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

A

Endocrine Glands

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10
Q

Conclusion of Arnold Adolph Berthold’s study

A

Hormones in testes is responsible for crown phenotype

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11
Q

Regulates developments in humans

A

Signaling Pathways

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12
Q

Activates the signaling pathways

A

Specific chemical signaling molecules

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13
Q

Only target cells respond to the signal, because it bears receptors for the hormone

A

Target Cell concept

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14
Q

3 types of intercellular communication

A
  1. Endocrine signaling
  2. Paracrine signaling
  3. Direct signaling
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15
Q
  • secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream
  • Trigger response in target cells anywhere in the body
A

Endocrine signaling

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16
Q

special type of endocrine signaling

A

Nueroendocrine signaling

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17
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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18
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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19
Q

Special types of paracrine signaling

A
  1. Autocrine signaling
  2. Synaptic signaling
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20
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine signaling

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21
Q

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissue

A

Synaptic/neuronal signaling

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22
Q

for some signals to be received, the cells must be in direct contact.

A

Direct Signaling

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23
Q

signaling that is relative slow

A

Endocrine signaling

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24
Q

signaling that has quick response

A

Paracrine signaling

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25
Q

Types of secreted signaling molecules

A
  • Local regulators
  • Neutrotransmitters
  • Neurohormones
  • Phermones
  • Hormones
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26
Q

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

A

Local regulators

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27
Q

What does local regulators regulaate

A
  • help regulate blood pressure
  • nervous system function
  • Reproduction
28
Q

2 types of local regulators

A
  1. paracrine
  2. autocrine
29
Q

signals act on cells near the secreting cell

A

Paracrine

30
Q

signals act on the secreting cell itself

A

Autocrine

31
Q

proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

A

Growth Factors

32
Q

play a role in immune responses

A

Cytokines

33
Q

acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

34
Q

what does nitric oxide do to bacteria and cancer cells

A
  • Kills them when secreted by WBCS
35
Q

Effects of nitric oxide to blood vessels

A
  • Dilates the wall of blood vessesl when secreted by endothelial cells
36
Q

modified fatty acids, secreted by placenta to stimulate uterine contractions

A

Protaglandins (PGs)

37
Q

secreted by neurons at many synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

38
Q

Roles of neurotransmitters

A
  • sensation
  • memory
  • cognition
  • movement
39
Q

muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q
  • secreted by neurosecretory cells
  • diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
A

Neurohormones

41
Q

increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction

A

ADH (vasopressin)

42
Q

chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species

A

Pheromones

43
Q

chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and
plants

A

Hormones

44
Q

Importance of pheromones

A
  • Defining territories
  • warning to predators
  • Attracting potential mates
45
Q

Importance of hormones

A
  • regulates metabolism
  • regulates growth and development
46
Q

A hormone can also have different effects in different species

A

Multiple effects of hormones

47
Q

The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have;

A
  • Different receptors for hormones
  • Different transduction pathways
  • Different proteins for carrying out the response
48
Q

Epinephrine effects to liver vs skeletal muscle blood vessel with the same α-receptor

A
  • Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released
  • Vessel dilates
49
Q

Epinephrine effects to β- receptor

A

vessel constricts

50
Q

Three major classes of molecule functions as hormones in vertebrate

A
  • Polypeptides
  • Amines derived from amino acids
  • Steroid hormones
51
Q

Classes of hormones

A
  • steroids, polypeptides, amines
52
Q

Water soluble

A

polypeptides and amines

53
Q

Lipid-solube

A
  • steroid hormones
  • other largely non-polar hormone
54
Q

are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

A

Water-soluble hormones

55
Q
  • diffuse across cell membranes,
    -travel in the bloodstream
  • bound to transport proteins
  • diffuse through the
    membrane of target cells
A

Lipid-solube hormones

56
Q

Epinephrine effects in the body

A

mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

57
Q

epinephrine binding sit

A
  • receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells
58
Q

epinephrine triggers

A

release of messenger molecules, release of glucose in the bloodstream

59
Q

Key events for signaling hormones

A
  1. Reception
  2. Signal transduction
  3. Amplification
  4. Response
60
Q

detection of a signal in
the environment

A

Reception

61
Q

activating a series of proteins inside the cell

A

Signal transduction

62
Q

change in behavior that
occurs inside the cell

A

Response

63
Q

involves the hormone-secreting tissues and organs of the body

A

Endocrine system

64
Q

chemical messengers

A

Hormones

65
Q

referes to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half

A

Half life of a hormone

66
Q

two factors influencing hormone concentration in blood

A
  1. Rate of hormone secreted into the blood
  2. Rate of the removal of the hormone from the blood

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (20 decks)

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