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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Lec 6 : Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Lec 6 : Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Consumers

A

Heterotrophs (Animals)

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2
Q

Get their energy from “eating others”

A

Heterotrophs

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3
Q

How does heterotrophs make energy?

A

Through respiration

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4
Q

Formula of heteretrophs (respiration)

A

C6H12O6+O2 -> 6CO2+ H2O + ATP

Gluclose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

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5
Q

Produce their own energy (from self)

A

Autotrophs

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6
Q

making energy & organic molecules from light energy

A

Autotrophs

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7
Q

Formula for Autotrophs (photosynthesis)

A

6CO2+ H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6+O2

Carbond dioxide + water + light energy - > Glucose + oxygen

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8
Q

What does it mean to be a plant

A

Need to;
- collect light energy
- store light energy
- need to get building blocks of atoms
- produce all organic molecules

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9
Q

Building blocks of atoms from the environment needed to get by plants

A
  • C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Mg
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10
Q

Why plants need to produce all organic molecules?

A

For growth

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11
Q

Organic molecules needed to be produce by plant

A
  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
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12
Q

Plant structures for obtaining raw materials

A
  • Leaves
  • Stomates
  • Roots
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13
Q

the structure for Sunlight , solar collectors

A

Leaves

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14
Q

the structure for CO2, gas exchange

A

Stomates

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15
Q

the struture for H2O uptake

A

roots

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16
Q

the structure for nutrients uptake

A

Roots

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17
Q

Nutrients uptake from roots

A
  • N, P, K, S, Mg, Fe
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18
Q

contain chlorophyll

A

Chloroplast

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19
Q

Components of Chloroplast

A
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid sacs
  • Grana stacks
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20
Q

fluid-filled interior

A

Stroma

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21
Q

pouch-like sacs

A

Thylakoid sacs

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22
Q

stacks of thylakoid discs

A

Grana stacks

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23
Q

Components of Thylakoid membrane

A
  • Chlorophyll molecules
  • ETC
  • ATP synthase
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24
Q

the membrane located inside the chloroplast

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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25
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

Choloroplast

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26
Q

Types of Photosynthesis reactions

A
  • Light reactions
  • Calvin cycle
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27
Q

Also known as light-independent reaction?

A

Calvin cycle

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28
Q

Where does ETC respiration happens?

A
  • Mitochondria, uses electron carrier NADH
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29
Q

Where does ETC photosynthesis happens?

A
  • Chloroplasts, uses electron carrier NADPH
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30
Q

transfer chemical energy from food molecules into chemical energy of ATP

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP

A

Chloroplasts

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32
Q
  • convert solar energy to chemical energy
  • ATP & NADPH
A

energy conversion reactions

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33
Q

uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6

A

Sugar building reactions

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34
Q
  • embedded in thylakoid membrane
  • arranged in Photosystem
  • Structure-function relationship
A

Chlorophyll and other pigments

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35
Q

It is the collection of molecules

A

Photosystem

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36
Q

Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light

A

Light: Absorption spectra

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37
Q

absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green

A

Chlorophyll a

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38
Q

By definition it is the other pigments with different structures help absorb light of different wavelengths

A

Accessory pigments

39
Q

Examples of accessory pigments

A
  • Chlorophyll b
  • Carotenoids
  • Xantophyll
40
Q

Absorbs light at slightly different wavelengths than chlorophyll a

A

Chlorphyll b

41
Q

Absorb blue-green wavelengths

A

Carotenoids

42
Q
  • Absorb blue or blue-green light
  • transfer the energy to chlorophylls
A

Xanthophylls

43
Q

2 Photosystem in Thylakoid membrane

A
  • Photosystem II
  • Photosystem I
44
Q

absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light
- Chlorophyll a

A

Photosystem II

45
Q

absorbs 700nm wavelength red light
- chlorophyll b

A

Photosystem I

46
Q

Uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH

A
  • ETC
47
Q

Where do excited electron passes from chlorophyll

A

Primary electron acceptor of PS II

48
Q

enzyme exctract electrons from ___ and supplies them to chlorophyll

A

H2O

49
Q

What happens to oxygen atoms after being split from H2O

A

Oxygen atoms combineto form O2

50
Q

Types of Phosphorylation

A
  • Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
  • Cyclic Photophosphorylation
51
Q
  • Happens in PS II and I
  • Light reactions elevate electron in 2 steps
A

Noncyclic phosphorylation

52
Q

The 2 steps in nonclyclic photophosphorylation

A
  • PS II- generates energy as ATP
  • PS I - generates reducing power as NADPH
53
Q

Occurs only in Photosystem I

A

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

54
Q
  • Happens in the Stroma
  • does not need light
A

Calvin cycle

55
Q

product needed by calvin cycle to drive synthesis reactions

A

Products from Light reaction, ATP and NADPH

56
Q

Stages of calvin cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. reduction
  3. Regeneration of RuBP
57
Q

Final product of calvin cycle

A

Glucose

58
Q

How many terms of calvin cycle for 1 glucose?

A

6 turns

59
Q

end product of Calvin cycle

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P

60
Q

Important intermediate

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P

61
Q
  • Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
  • the most important enzyme in the world!
A

Rubisco

62
Q

RUBISCO full name

A

Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

63
Q

3 turns of calvin cycle =?

A

1 G3P

64
Q

3 CO2 ->?

A

1 G3P (3C)

65
Q

What happened to the left over ATP from light reactions

A

used elsewhere by the cell

66
Q

for transporting water

A

Xylem

67
Q

for sugar and nutrients

A

Phloem

68
Q

structure that control water from leaves

A

Stroma

69
Q

What happens when stoma opens?

A

Gains H2O

70
Q

What happens when stoma closes

A

Lose H2O

71
Q
  • pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion
  • regulates the opening and closure of stomatal pores
A

Guard Cells

72
Q

Closed stomates leads to

A

O2 buils up -> from light reactions
CO2 -> in calvin cycle

73
Q

Can drive or hinder photosynthesis

A

RUBISCO

74
Q

2 main types of reactions catalyzed by RUBISCO

A
  • Carbon fixation (Carboxylase)
  • Photorespiration (Oxygenase)
75
Q
  • Bonds Carbon to RuBP
  • Building sugar
A

Carbon Fixation enzyme

76
Q
  • Rubisco bonds O to RuBP
  • Oxidation or RuBP
  • breadown of sugar
A

Photorespiration

77
Q

consumes resources without producing sugars.

A

Photorespiration

78
Q

optimal functioning of Rubisco under ideal conditions when CO₂ is available. Successful sugar production and energy storage.

A

Photosynthesis

79
Q

Types of reducing photorespiration

A
  • C4 Photosynthesis
  • CAM photosynthesis
80
Q

physically separate carbon fixation from actual Calvin cycle
- uses different enzyme to capture CO2

A

C4 photosynthesis

81
Q

Different enzyme that captures CO2 in C4

A

PEP carboxylase

82
Q

-Separated by time of day
-Carbon fixation during night

A

CAM photosynthesis

83
Q

CAM stands for?

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

84
Q

Example of plants that employ C4 photosynthesis

A

Sugar cane
Corn
other grasses

85
Q

higher affinity for CO2 than O2
- regenerates CO2 in inner cells for Rubisco

A

PEP carboxylase enzyme

86
Q

Separate reactions in different cells

A
  • Light reactions
  • Carbon fixation
  • Calvin cycle
87
Q

What happens on outer cells of C4 photosynthesis

A
  • Light reaction & carbon fixation
  • Pumps CO2 to inner cells
  • Keeps O2 away from inner cells
88
Q

What happens on inner cells of C4 photosynthesis

A

Calvin cycle, glucose veins

89
Q

CAM during night

A
  • Open stomates & fix carbon in storage compounds
90
Q

CAM during day

A
  • close stomates
  • release CO2 from storage to calvin cycle
91
Q

separate 2 steps of C fixation anatomically
in 2 different cells

A

C4 plants

92
Q

separate 2 steps of C fixation temporally at 2 different times

A

CAM Plants

93
Q

Why the C3 problem?

A
  • possible evolutionary baggage

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (20 decks)

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