Skeletal System

Question 1

what is a bone?
what are the four major types?

Answer 1

a stiff connective tissue
-long (femur) , short (wrist or ankles) , flat (ribs, shoulder blades, hips) and irregular ( spine)

Question 2

what function does bones do?
-protecting?
-synthesizing?
-storing?
-providing?

Answer 2

-protecting internal organs
-synthesizing blood cells
-storing necessary minerals, particularly calcium
-providing the muscular system with leverage to create movement

Question 3

what is periosteum?

Answer 3

-a thin layer of vascular connective tissue covering the bone

Question 4

periosteum serves as a?

Answer 4

point of muscle attachment, supplies blood to the bone, and contains nerve endings

Question 5

what is osseous tissue?

Answer 5

-the primary tissue that makes up the bone

Question 6

what are the two types of osseous tisse?

Answer 6

-cortical (compact) bone
-cancellous (spongy) bone

Question 7

what is cortical bone?
-where is it typically found within the bone?

Answer 7

it is dense, solid material that surrounds the bone and gives it hardness and strength
-it is usually found in the middle part of the bone

Question 8

what is cancellous bone?
-where is it located
-it is the site of? as it stores?

Answer 8

-the less dense, more porous and softer bone and is located at the ends of long bones, where it does not bear a structural load
-it is the site of the bone’s blood production and metabolic activity, as it stores bone marrow and blood vessels

Question 9

what are osteoclasts?
-located on? and help? by?

Answer 9

type of bone cell responsible for breaking down bone tissue
-located on the surface of bones and help balance the body’s calcium levels by degrading bone to released stored calcium

Question 10

what does red bone marrow house?

Answer 10

stem cells which are made into red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (process called hematopoiesis)

Question 11

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 11

-it is the process of the production of all of the cellular components of blood and blood plasma

Question 12

what are the different types of white blood cells?

Answer 12

-granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
-monocytes
-lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

Question 13

yellow bone marrow is composed of?
-and can be converted to?

Answer 13

-mostly fat tissue and can be converted to red bone marrow in response to extreme blood loss in the body

Question 14

how many bones does the axial skeleton contain?
-what are the three major subdivisions and what do they contain?
-these together function to?

Answer 14

80
-3 major subdivisions: skull (the cranium and facial bones), thorax (sternum and 12 pairs of ribs), and vertebral column (33 vertebrae)
-support and protect many of the body’d vital organs like the brain, lungs, heart, and spinal cord

Question 15

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
-what is the main function of it?

Answer 15

-126 bones
-is locomotion (movement)

Question 16

function of the ligament to the bone

Answer 16

joins bone to bone

Question 17

function of tendon to the bone

Answer 17

joins bone to muscle

Question 18

function of cartilage to the bone

Answer 18

cushions bone to joints
-provides structural integrity for many body parts and maintains open pathways

Question 19

what are the three basic joints?

Answer 19

-fibrous joints connect bones that do not move, skull
-cartilaginous joints connect bones with cartilage and allow limited movement, spine
-synovial joints allow for a range of motion and are covered by articular cartilage that protects the bone, hip

Question 20

synovial joints are classified based on?

Answer 20

-their structure and the type of movement they allow

Question 21

Types of synovial joints:
-hinge joint
-ball and socket joint
-saddle joint
-gliding joint
-condyloid joint
-pivot joint

Answer 21

-elbows, knees, and fingers
-hips, shoulders
-thumbs
-vertebrae, small bones in the wrists and ankles
-wrists
-elbows, neck

Question 22

what is arthritis?
-what is the most common type of arthritis and what is it caused by?

Answer 22

-inflammation in joints that leads to swelling, pain, and reduced range of motion
-most common is osteoarthritis which is caused by the wearing down of cartilage in the joints due to age or injury

Question 23

what is rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis caused by?

Answer 23

inflammation at the joint caused by chronic autoimmune disorder, which can lead to excessive joint degradation

Question 24

osteoporosis refers to?

Answer 24

poor bone mineral density due to the loss or lack of the production of calcium content and bone cells, which leads to bone brittleness

Question 25

Ewing’s sarcoma and osteosarcoma

Answer 25

are bone cancers

Question 26

where do myeloma and leukemia start in?

Answer 26

in bone marrow. they are WBC cancers

Question 27

stem cells are found in which of the following tissues?

Answer 27

bone marrow

Question 28

what element is released with the break down of bones?

Answer 28

calcium

Question 29

the ends of long bones have?

Answer 29

growth plates and is where the bone lengthens if it is growing

Question 30

ligaments vs joints

Answer 30

ligaments typically attach bone to other bones and joints are where bones meet other bones

Question 31

what is the hyoid bone>

Answer 31

supports the tongue and is the only bone in the body that in not connected to other bones, is held in place by supra hyoid and infra hyoid muscles

Question 32

how is bone synthesized?

Answer 32

osteons which are composed of calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in a collagen matrix and are functional units of compact bone

Question 33

what are osteons composed of? embedded in? functional units of? aka?

Answer 33

composed of calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in a collagen matrix and are functional units of compact bone. aka Haversian systems

Question 34

where are osteocytes located?

Answer 34

small cave-like spaces in the matrix called lacunae

Question 35

where does the matrix form? where is the matrix in?

Answer 35

around the central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. the osteon

Question 36

multinucleate osteoclasts vs mononucleate osteoblasts

Answer 36

-osteoclasts: break down bone minerals of the matrix to strengthen bones. can lead to problems if osteoclasts breaks down bone faster than osteoblasts deposit minerals (osteoporosis)
-osteoblasts: replace cartilage and secrete mineral deposits that form the matrix, the nonliving substance of the bone. develops into osteocytes

Question 37

what develops into osteocytes? what are osteocytes?

Answer 37

osteoblasts develop into osteocytes and they strengthen bone tissue and carry out metabolic functions