Skeletal System Flashcards
what is a bone?
what are the four major types?
a stiff connective tissue
-long (femur) , short (wrist or ankles) , flat (ribs, shoulder blades, hips) and irregular ( spine)
what function does bones do?
-protecting?
-synthesizing?
-storing?
-providing?
-protecting internal organs
-synthesizing blood cells
-storing necessary minerals, particularly calcium
-providing the muscular system with leverage to create movement
what is periosteum?
-a thin layer of vascular connective tissue covering the bone
periosteum serves as a?
point of muscle attachment, supplies blood to the bone, and contains nerve endings
what is osseous tissue?
-the primary tissue that makes up the bone
what are the two types of osseous tisse?
-cortical (compact) bone
-cancellous (spongy) bone
what is cortical bone?
-where is it typically found within the bone?
it is dense, solid material that surrounds the bone and gives it hardness and strength
-it is usually found in the middle part of the bone
what is cancellous bone?
-where is it located
-it is the site of? as it stores?
-the less dense, more porous and softer bone and is located at the ends of long bones, where it does not bear a structural load
-it is the site of the bone’s blood production and metabolic activity, as it stores bone marrow and blood vessels
what are osteoclasts?
-located on? and help? by?
type of bone cell responsible for breaking down bone tissue
-located on the surface of bones and help balance the body’s calcium levels by degrading bone to released stored calcium
what does red bone marrow house?
stem cells which are made into red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (process called hematopoiesis)
what is hematopoiesis?
-it is the process of the production of all of the cellular components of blood and blood plasma
what are the different types of white blood cells?
-granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
-monocytes
-lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
yellow bone marrow is composed of?
-and can be converted to?
-mostly fat tissue and can be converted to red bone marrow in response to extreme blood loss in the body
how many bones does the axial skeleton contain?
-what are the three major subdivisions and what do they contain?
-these together function to?
80
-3 major subdivisions: skull (the cranium and facial bones), thorax (sternum and 12 pairs of ribs), and vertebral column (33 vertebrae)
-support and protect many of the body’d vital organs like the brain, lungs, heart, and spinal cord
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
-what is the main function of it?
-126 bones
-is locomotion (movement)
function of the ligament to the bone
joins bone to bone
function of tendon to the bone
joins bone to muscle
function of cartilage to the bone
cushions bone to joints
-provides structural integrity for many body parts and maintains open pathways
what are the three basic joints?
-fibrous joints connect bones that do not move, skull
-cartilaginous joints connect bones with cartilage and allow limited movement, spine
-synovial joints allow for a range of motion and are covered by articular cartilage that protects the bone, hip
synovial joints are classified based on?
-their structure and the type of movement they allow
Types of synovial joints:
-hinge joint
-ball and socket joint
-saddle joint
-gliding joint
-condyloid joint
-pivot joint
-elbows, knees, and fingers
-hips, shoulders
-thumbs
-vertebrae, small bones in the wrists and ankles
-wrists
-elbows, neck
what is arthritis?
-what is the most common type of arthritis and what is it caused by?
-inflammation in joints that leads to swelling, pain, and reduced range of motion
-most common is osteoarthritis which is caused by the wearing down of cartilage in the joints due to age or injury
what is rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis caused by?
inflammation at the joint caused by chronic autoimmune disorder, which can lead to excessive joint degradation
osteoporosis refers to?
poor bone mineral density due to the loss or lack of the production of calcium content and bone cells, which leads to bone brittleness
Ewing’s sarcoma and osteosarcoma
are bone cancers
where do myeloma and leukemia start in?
in bone marrow. they are WBC cancers
stem cells are found in which of the following tissues?
bone marrow
what element is released with the break down of bones?
calcium
the ends of long bones have?
growth plates and is where the bone lengthens if it is growing
ligaments vs joints
ligaments typically attach bone to other bones and joints are where bones meet other bones
what is the hyoid bone>
supports the tongue and is the only bone in the body that in not connected to other bones, is held in place by supra hyoid and infra hyoid muscles
how is bone synthesized?
osteons which are composed of calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in a collagen matrix and are functional units of compact bone
what are osteons composed of? embedded in? functional units of? aka?
composed of calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in a collagen matrix and are functional units of compact bone. aka Haversian systems
where are osteocytes located?
small cave-like spaces in the matrix called lacunae
where does the matrix form? where is the matrix in?
around the central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. the osteon
multinucleate osteoclasts vs mononucleate osteoblasts
-osteoclasts: break down bone minerals of the matrix to strengthen bones. can lead to problems if osteoclasts breaks down bone faster than osteoblasts deposit minerals (osteoporosis)
-osteoblasts: replace cartilage and secrete mineral deposits that form the matrix, the nonliving substance of the bone. develops into osteocytes
what develops into osteocytes? what are osteocytes?
osteoblasts develop into osteocytes and they strengthen bone tissue and carry out metabolic functions
