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ATI TEAs > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates also known as?

A

sugars and are molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
CHO

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2
Q

what does catabolized mean? what does it create

A

broken down to create energy molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD’)

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3
Q

what is ATP and NAD’?

A

ATP provides a source of energy
NAD’ provides a source of electrons to drive cellular processes

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4
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?
-example?
polymers of carbohydrates? Example?

A

-monosaccharide
-glucose
-polysaccharide
-starch which is used to store excess sugar

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5
Q

what type of carbohydrate is cellulose and what is it

A

-polysaccharide and is a support fiber responsible in part for the strength of plants

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6
Q

what are lipids composed ?
-what do they contain?

A

-composed of hydrogen and carbon, small percentage of oxygen
-the contain a head and tail

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7
Q

the head of the lipid is?
-the tail of the lipid is?

A

-usually phosphate or glycerol and is hydrophilic and polar. points outwards
-the tail is a hydrocarbon chain and is hydrophobic and nonpolar. points inwards

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8
Q

what does saturation describe?

A

the number of double bonds in the tail of the lipid. more double means more unsaturated (fats)

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9
Q

functions of proteins

A

-act as catalysts, transports molecules across membranes, facilitate DNA replication and regulate the cell cycle including mitosis and meiosis

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10
Q

proteins are composed of?
-what the three parts to it?

A

-amino acids
-amino group
-carboxyl group
-R group

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11
Q

how many amino acids are used to produce protein?

A

-22

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12
Q

nuclei acids are?

A

store all info necessary to produce proteins. found in DNA and RNA
-made up of nucleotides

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13
Q

what are nucleotides composed of?

A

5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C)

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14
Q

order of protein units

A

nucleotides to nuclei acids to proteins to chromosomes

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15
Q

what are the nucleotides of DNA

A

-adenine to thymine
-cytosine to guanine

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16
Q

purines are?
pyrimidines are?

A

adenine and guanine
-thymine and cytosine

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17
Q

on the double helix whats on the outside and inside?

A

sugar on the outside and nitrogenous base on the inside

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18
Q

what’s replaced for RNA?

A

-thymine by uracil so AU
-is also a single strand and contains ribose

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19
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

-DNA contains double helix and RNA is only one strand
-RNA contains ribosomes, DNA contains deoxyribose
-RNA in uracil and thymine in DNA

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20
Q

what prime does DNA start with?

A

5’ to 3’

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21
Q

what is histones?

A

proteins which organize DNA and this DNA is known as chromatin. To form nucleosomes, DNA is wrapped around histones

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22
Q

during interphase, what happens to chromatin?
during mitosis?

A

-chromatin is arranged loosely to have access to DNA
-DNA is tightly packaged into unit cells called chromosomes

23
Q

when DNA has replicated, what happens?

A

the chromosome is composed of two chromatids joined together at the centromere

24
Q

what is a diploid

A

somatic cell meaning it has two sets of homologous chromosomes one from each parent

25
Q

what is a haploid?

A

-cells with one set of chromosomes

26
Q

what does helicase do?

A

it is an enzyme that unwinds DNA into two separate strands

27
Q

what is the leading strand?
what is the lagging strand?

A

-leading can only be read by DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction
-the lagging strand runs to 5’ to 3’ and has to be synthesized piece by piece in chunks called Okazaki fragments

28
Q

every time a full chromosome is replicated, what happens?

A

a very small part of the DNA is lost at the end, this piece is called a telomere which is usually noncoding. this is why DNA replication must come to an end eventually

29
Q

what is DNA polymerase responsible for?

A

for synthesizing Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase III is the primary replication of the 5’ to 3’ strand

30
Q

what is DNA ligase responsible for?

A

fixes small breaks in the DNA strand is used to seal the finished DNA strands

31
Q

DNA telomerase is responsible for?

A

-lengthens the telomeres at the end of each strand of DNA, allowing it to be copied additional times

32
Q

how many possible codons are there?

A
  1. there are three stop codons which instruct the ribosome to stop processing the mRNA
33
Q

explain transcription

A

it is the process of making messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA strand. the DNA first unwound then RNA polymerase makes a complementary transcript of the DNA sequence called mRNA

34
Q

explain translation

A

process which converts the mRNA transcript into a useable protein. occurs in the ribosome which lines up the mRNA so it can bind to tRNA (transfer RNA). each tRNA includes an amino acid and an anticodon and a bond is formed between the growing amino acid strand and the new amino acid brought by tRNA

35
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

included in tRNA, this matches to the complementary codon on the mRNA

36
Q

what is a release factor?

A

it is a protein (which is activated by a stop codon in the ribosomes) which binds to ribosomes and will split a part after this release factor binds and creates a newly formed amino acids chain

37
Q

what is a point mutation

A

a single base in the sequence of a gene changes permanenetly through substitution, deletion, or insertion

38
Q

base substitution?

A

a mutation in which one or more bases in sequence changes

39
Q

whats insertion?

A

occurs when one base or a few bases is added to the sequence

40
Q

what is deletion?

A

when one nucleotide or a few is lost from the sequence

41
Q

frameshift mutation

A

when DNA nucleotides are removed or added and result in how the gene is read by RNA polymerase and ribosomes

42
Q

chromosome invasion

A

two breaks occur in chromosomes and fragment that breaks away flips around and reattaches

43
Q

what is an operon?
what is a promoter?
what is an operator?

A

-proteins that are produced from a set of genes
-is included in operons, and initiates transcription
-an enzyme can bind to this and regulate transcription and the protein coding sequence

44
Q

what are alleles?

A

multiple versions of the same gene and account for variation in a population

45
Q

what is homozygous?
what is heterozygous?

A

-two genes that are identical (RR or rr)
-two genes that are different, genes do not blend and act separately, one often being completely or partially suppressed (Rr)

46
Q

genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype is complete genetic code and phenotype is observable characteristics

47
Q

what is epistasis?

A

same genotypes expressed differently based on environmental factors or presence of other genes

48
Q

the law of segregation

A

-states that genes come in allele pairs, if the organism is diploid, and that each parent can pass only a single allele down to its child. each individual has a pair of alleles for each gene: one from mom and one from dad. also states that alleles must separate during ,meiosis so that only one is given to each gamete

49
Q

law of independence assortment

A

state that genes responsible for different traits are passed on independently, mom is tall with brown hair, may pass down tallness but not brown hair

50
Q

law of dominance

A

states that some alleles are dominant and some are recessive. dominant mask the behavior of the recessive

51
Q

when does gene linkage occur?

A

when genes that are situated close together on a chromosome and thus are more likely to be inherited together

52
Q

females vs males chromosomes

A

females have two X chromosomes and carries two alleles which means the dominant allele will express itself for X linked traits.
males have both an X and Y chromosome and only one allele for every X gene, trait will be expressed whether it’s dominant or recessive

53
Q

what’s crossing over and when does it occur?

A

-the process of meiosis also introduces genetic variation during crossing over which occurs in prophase I when homologous chromosomes pair along their lengths and creates a new chromatid

ATI TEAs (17 decks)

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