Immune System Flashcards
what is the function of the immune system?
what are the two systems within the immune system?
-helps fight off bacteria and viruses that causes diseases
-the innate system and the adaptive system
innate immune system includes?
-what line of defense is this?
-nonspecific defenses that work against a wide range of infectious agents
-includes both physically barriers that keep out foreign particles and organisms along with cells that attack invaders
-it is the first line of defense against infections
the adaptive immune system does what?
-what line of defense?
it learns to respond only to specific invaders
(beta cells and t-cells)
-second line of defense
what is the first line of defense in the immune system?
the innate system which contains barriers like the skin, openings, urethra, mucus, earwax, chemical barriers (low pH, salt, enzymes) and cellular barriers of commensal micro-organisms
what are they underlying mechanisms behind vaccines? what is introduced?
-memory B-cells
-they introduce a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to activate the body’s adaptive immune response
when pathogens enter the body, what do they attempt to do?
-what does the body do?
replicate and cause an infection
-the body mounts a number of nonspecific repsonses
the body’s initial response to a pathogen is?
-inflammation which increases blood flow to the infected area which then increases the presence of white blood cells also called leukocytes
what is a leukocyte?
white blood cells
what is antimicrobial peptides?
it is an innate response which destroys bacteria by interfering with the functions of their membrane or DNA
what is interferon?
it is an innate response, proteins which causes nearby cells to increase their defenses and interfere with the production of new viruses
what are antigens?
molecules that the adaptive immune system rely on that appear on the surface of pathogens to which the system has previously been exposed
-are displayed on the surface of cells by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
what are T-cells?
in the cell-mediated response, they destroy any cell that displays an antigen
what are B-cells?
-they produce?
in the antibody-mediated response, they are activated by antigens
-they produce plasma cells, which in turn releases antibodies
where will antibodies bind?
-only to specific antigens and destroy the infected cell
memory B-cells are
created during infection, allowing the immune system to respond more quickly if the infection appears again. product of antigen activation
what are the type of granulocytes?
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil
neutrophil:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-granulocytes
-first responders that quickly migrate to the site of infections to destroy bacterial invaders
-innate
-very common
eosinophil:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-granulocytes
-attack multicellular parasites
-innate
-rare
basophil:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-granulocytes
-large cell responsible for inflammatory reactions including allergies
-innate
-very rare
B-cells:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-lymphocytes
-respond to antigens by releasing antibodies
-adaptive
-common
T-cells:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-lymphocytes
-respond to antigens by destroying invaders and infected cells
-adaptive
-common
natural killer cells:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-lymphocytes
-destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
-innate and adaptive
-common
macrophage:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?
-monocytes
-engulf and destroy microbes, foreign substances and cancer cells
-innate and adaptive
-rare
autoimmune disease will attack?
-what is allergy?
healthy tissues
-when the immune system attacks harmless particles
an infection that will attack the immune system itself is
HIV aka human immunodeficiency virus attacks helper T-cells eventually causing AIDS
inflammation increases the blood flow to the damaged area, which does what?
-inflammatory response is when? and apart of what kind of response?
-increase its temp and bringing WBC to the site
-blood vessels dilate and WBC and fluids are sent out to the area of infection. apart of the innate system
are antibodies part of the innate system?
-no
what is the role of monocytes in wounds?
-they digest pathogens
what are histamines?
-they are a chemical that is released causing an increase in blood flow to the area and the number of WBC called phagocytes destroy the unknown bacteria
-apart of innate response
the innate system helps remove? and begin?
-remove foreign invaders and begin healing process
lymphatic system, WBC and antibodies are apart of?
-adaptive defense
what is passive immunity?
-when the body is exposed to antibodies that have been made by another individual , such as mother passes antibodies through her child with breastmilk or placenta
what is active immunity?
-when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection and is usually longer lasting than passive
what is a kupffer cell and where is it found?
it is a macrophage, large WBC, that is found in the liver
what is dust cells and where is it found?
it is a macrophage, that is found in the lungs
why is the lymph system so important for the functioning of the immune system?
because the lymphatic system carries pathogens from the blood through lymph
where are B and T cells located?
in the lymph nodes and are activated when pathogens is encountered
during the inflammatory response, what happens
-histamine is released which causes a increase in blood flood including phagocytes which destroy bacteria
cellular vs humoral response
-cellular: destroys infected cell
-humoral:destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells
what do the adaptive immune system remember?
pathogens which turn into signature molecule called antigens
what are APCs?
antigen-presenting cells (such as macrophages) which digest pathogens and present the pathogen’s antigen signature to “helper” T cells
after APC’s present pathogens to helper T cells, what happens?
depending on the antigen, either a B cell or a cytotoxic T cell is activated
what do helper T cells produce to activate a cytotoxic T cell?
cytokines
if cytotoxic T tells are activated what do they do?
search out and destroys any cell that contains the pathogen’s antigen signature
what can helper T cells active?
B cells and induces it to multiply rapidly into secretory cells called plasma cells which then will produce large amounts of antibodies that can bind to antigens
what does the antibody from the plasma cell from the B cell allow the body to do?
-it allows the body to remember a specific antigen that way if the antigen appears again, this triggers the memory cells to form plasma
B cells clone into?
memory cells which allows the body to remember a specific antigen so that when the antigen appears again, the memory cells form plasma and produces the specific antibody
passive vs active immunity
-both?
-passive
-active?
-both can be induced artificially
-passive introduces antibodies from another source that can rapidly neutralize toxins, like rapid treatment for a snakebite
-active introduces antigens like vaccinations
what does HIV infects
helper T cells and prevents the activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents adaptive immune system from operating
overactive immune system causes?
causes the body to overproduce huge amounts of histamine release from mast cells which result in allergy symptoms to harmless particles
what are autoimmune disease and examples of it?
immune system mistakenly attacks the body includes type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis
