Genetic Material and Structure of Proteins Flashcards
DNA:
-contains?
-responsible for?
-what kind of molecule? contains?
-stands for?
-what’s its structure?
-contains hereditary material
-responsible for directing proteins
-macromolecule that contains genes that are the coded instructions for a cell to produce proteins
-stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
-twisted ladder aka double helix
what does RNA control?
-the intermediate steps involved in protein synthesis
what are genes?
-instructions to?
-can have?
-segments of DNA which can code for specific proteins
-instructions to make proteins or regulate making of proteins
-can have structural or regulatory functions
what are chromosomes?
genetic information is located here and are tightly coiled DNA that winds around histone proteins
what has a singule circular chromosome and what has linear chromosome?
-prokaryotic organisms
-linear chromosomes on eukaryotic (cells with nuclei)
how many chromosomes do humans have
46
structural genes are converted into? that is decoded by? and assembled into?
-converted into short-lived message (mRNA) that is decoded by ribosomes and assembled into proteins that build structures in living things
regulatory genes control? by? either?
-the expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through a protein intermediate
what kind of protein do skin cells produce?
-keratin
what are the sides of the DNA made up of?
-phosphate and deoxyribose sugar molecules
what are the four nucleotide bases found within the steps of the double helix?
A (adenine)
T (thymine)
G (guanine)
C (cytosine)
what is a codon?
a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
how do ribosomes assemble protein within the DNA?
they assemble proteins from amino acids in the order specified by the codons of the gene
what does adenosine pair with?
thymine which is located on opposing strand
what is guanine paired with
cytosine
how are complementary bases are linked by?
two hydrogen bonds between adenosine and thymine and three hydrogen bonds between G and C
seperation of DNA is for? and is allowed because?
for DNA replication and transcription
-is allowed due to hydrogen bonds being easier to break than covalent bonds
chromatids are
two identical copies. occurs before cell replication. after copies made, they can be separated and two new cells will have identical copies of DNA
do DNA strands run in the same or opposite direction?
-this makes the strands?
-sense strand?
-anti-sense strand?
-no they are opposites
-anti-parallel
-sense strand is info coded in DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
-anti-sense strand is the other strand going in 3’ to 5’ and used as the template in DNA replication and transcription
-RNA stands for?
-acts as?
-requires three types of RNA to?
-what are the three types of RNA?
-what is RNA?
-ribonucleic acid’s
-acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
-to synthesize protein
-messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-a single chain of ribose sugar-containing nucleotides
what are nucleotides in RNA?
-adenine, uracil (uracil replaces thymine), guanine and cytosine
-A to U
-G to C
what does uracil replace?
thymine
what are the two steps for protein synthesis?
-transcription and translation
what is transcription in protein synthesis? why does it do this instead of DNA transcription itself?
is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by copying the code for the instructions of the gene to mRNA. it means to copy or to rewrite due to DNA being too big to leave the nucleus of the cell
the form of RNA in protein synthesis of transcription is?
smaller and can leave the nucleus and carry the info to the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place
mRNA is the exact copy of what template strand? what is replaced?
-5’ to 3’ , thymine is replaced with uracil
how does mRNA enter the cytoplasm?
-when rRNA in ribosomes attache to the mRNA strand and beings to ________ the instructions?
through the pores
-transcribe
