Genetic Material and Structure of Proteins

Question 1

DNA:
-contains?
-responsible for?
-what kind of molecule? contains?
-stands for?
-what’s its structure?

Answer 1

-contains hereditary material
-responsible for directing proteins
-macromolecule that contains genes that are the coded instructions for a cell to produce proteins
-stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
-twisted ladder aka double helix

Question 2

what does RNA control?

Answer 2

-the intermediate steps involved in protein synthesis

Question 3

what are genes?
-instructions to?
-can have?

Answer 3

-segments of DNA which can code for specific proteins
-instructions to make proteins or regulate making of proteins
-can have structural or regulatory functions

Question 4

what are chromosomes?

Answer 4

genetic information is located here and are tightly coiled DNA that winds around histone proteins

Question 5

what has a singule circular chromosome and what has linear chromosome?

Answer 5

-prokaryotic organisms
-linear chromosomes on eukaryotic (cells with nuclei)

Question 6

how many chromosomes do humans have

Answer 6

46

Question 7

structural genes are converted into? that is decoded by? and assembled into?

Answer 7

-converted into short-lived message (mRNA) that is decoded by ribosomes and assembled into proteins that build structures in living things

Question 8

regulatory genes control? by? either?

Answer 8

-the expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through a protein intermediate

Question 9

what kind of protein do skin cells produce?

Answer 9

-keratin

Question 10

what are the sides of the DNA made up of?

Answer 10

-phosphate and deoxyribose sugar molecules

Question 11

what are the four nucleotide bases found within the steps of the double helix?

Answer 11

A (adenine)
T (thymine)
G (guanine)
C (cytosine)

Question 12

what is a codon?

Answer 12

a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Question 13

how do ribosomes assemble protein within the DNA?

Answer 13

they assemble proteins from amino acids in the order specified by the codons of the gene

Question 14

what does adenosine pair with?

Answer 14

thymine which is located on opposing strand

Question 15

what is guanine paired with

Answer 15

cytosine

Question 16

how are complementary bases are linked by?

Answer 16

two hydrogen bonds between adenosine and thymine and three hydrogen bonds between G and C

Question 17

seperation of DNA is for? and is allowed because?

Answer 17

for DNA replication and transcription
-is allowed due to hydrogen bonds being easier to break than covalent bonds

Question 18

chromatids are

Answer 18

two identical copies. occurs before cell replication. after copies made, they can be separated and two new cells will have identical copies of DNA

Question 19

do DNA strands run in the same or opposite direction?
-this makes the strands?
-sense strand?
-anti-sense strand?

Answer 19

-no they are opposites
-anti-parallel
-sense strand is info coded in DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
-anti-sense strand is the other strand going in 3’ to 5’ and used as the template in DNA replication and transcription

Question 20

-RNA stands for?
-acts as?
-requires three types of RNA to?
-what are the three types of RNA?
-what is RNA?

Answer 20

-ribonucleic acid’s
-acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
-to synthesize protein
-messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-a single chain of ribose sugar-containing nucleotides

Question 21

what are nucleotides in RNA?

Answer 21

-adenine, uracil (uracil replaces thymine), guanine and cytosine
-A to U
-G to C

Question 22

what does uracil replace?

Answer 22

thymine

Question 23

what are the two steps for protein synthesis?

Answer 23

-transcription and translation

Question 24

what is transcription in protein synthesis? why does it do this instead of DNA transcription itself?

Answer 24

is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by copying the code for the instructions of the gene to mRNA. it means to copy or to rewrite due to DNA being too big to leave the nucleus of the cell

Question 25

the form of RNA in protein synthesis of transcription is?

Answer 25

smaller and can leave the nucleus and carry the info to the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place

Question 26

mRNA is the exact copy of what template strand? what is replaced?

Answer 26

-5’ to 3’ , thymine is replaced with uracil

Question 27

how does mRNA enter the cytoplasm?
-when rRNA in ribosomes attache to the mRNA strand and beings to ________ the instructions?

Answer 27

through the pores
-transcribe