Endocrine System Flashcards
what is the endocrine system made up of?
-glands that regulate numerous processes throughout the body by secreting chemical messengers called hormones
what are hormones?
chemical messengers which regulate a wide variety of bodily processes including metabolism, growth and development, sexual reproduction, sleep-wake cycle, and hunger
what is the hypothalamus?
-where is it located?
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-gland that plays a central role in the endocrine system by connecting it to the nervous system
-located in brain
-regulates pituitary function and metabolic processes including body temp., hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms (24 hours cycle/sleep-wake)
-TRH, GHRH, GnRH, dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin
what happens when input from the nervous system reaches the hypothalamus?
-the hypothalamus will release hormones from the pituitary gland
pituitary gland:
-releases?
-location?
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-releases hormones that regulate the release of hormones from many other of the other endocrine glands
-located in brain under hypothalamus
-regulates growth, blood pressure, reabsorption of water by kidneys, temperature, pain relief, and some reproductive functions and related to pregnancy and childbirth
-HGH, TSH, PRL, LH, FSH, oxytocin, ADH
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH):
-comes from?
-targets?
-regulates?
-released from the hypothalamus
-targets the anterior pituitary gland
-regulator of thyroid gland growth and function
dopamine:
-released from?
-function?
-released from hypothalamus
-allowing you to feel pleasure, satisfaction and motivation
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH):
-released from?
-function?
-released from the hypothalamus
-stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone into the bloodstream. This then acts on virtually every tissue of the body to control metabolism and growth
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):
-released from?
-function?
-released from hypothalamus
-causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone
oxytocin:
-released from?
-function?
-released from the hypothalamus and pituitary
-transported to and secreted by the pituitary gland, at the base of the brain. It plays a role in the female reproductive functions, from sexual activity to childbirth and breast feeding.
vasopressin:
-released from?
-function?
-released from hypothalamus
-regulates blood pressure, blood osmolality, and blood volume
human growth hormone (HGH):
-released by?
-function?
-what is targeted?
-pituitary gland
-fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life however, the pituitary gland slowly reduces the amount of growth hormone it produces. influences muscles and bones
-thymus gland is targeted
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
-released by?
-function?
-released by pituitary gland
-controls production of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, by the thyroid gland by binding to receptors located on cells in the thyroid gland
prolactin (PRL):
-released by?
-function?
-released by pituitary gland
-causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth
luteinizing hormone (LH):
-released by?
-function?
-released by pituitary gland
-stimulates testosterone release by the Leydig cells of the testes. In females, LH stimulates steroid release from the ovaries, ovulation, and the release of progesterone after ovulation by the corpus luteum (a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
-released by?
-function?
-released by pituitary gland
-helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries. The amount of FSH varies throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle and is highest just before she releases an egg (ovulates)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
-released by?
-function?
-released by pituitary gland
-helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body
pineal gland:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-regulates circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycle)
-melatonin which is what the brain produces in response to darkness
thyroid gland:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-regulates energy use and protein synthesis
-thyroxine (T4), triiodothrronine (T3), and calcitonin
thyroxine:
-released from?
-function?
-aka?
-released from thyroid gland
-it plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones
-aka T4
triiodothyronine:
-released from?
-function?
-aka?
-released from thyroid gland
-vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones
-aka T3
calcitonin:
-released from?
-function?
-released from thyroid gland
-help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. Calcitonin opposes the actions of the parathyroid hormone, which is a hormone that increases your blood calcium levels
parathyroid:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-calcium and phosphate levels
-parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-released from?
-function?
-released from parathyroid
-helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning
what is the difference between T3 and T4?
T4 is largely inactive, meaning it doesn’t impact your cells, whereas T3 is active
adrenal glands:
-how many are there?
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-aka?
-there are two glands
-regulates the fight-or-flight response and regulation of salt and blood volume
-epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, androgens
-aka adrenal medulla
epinephrine:
-released from?
-function?
-aka?
-also acts like a?
-released from adrenal glands
-is released in response to stress and role in metabolism, attention, focus, panic and excitement
-also known as adrenaline
-acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter
norepinephrine:
-released from?
-acts as?
-increases?
-aka?
-released from adrenal glands
-both a neurotransmitter and hormone
-increases alertness, arousal and attention. Together with adrenaline, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart. It also increases blood pressure and helps break down fat and increase blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body
-aka noradrenaline
cortisol:
-released from?
-function?
-released from adrenal gland
-essential hormone that affects almost every organ and tissue in your body. Regulates your body’s stress response and helps control your body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, or your metabolism
androgens:
-released from?
-function?
-released from adrenal, as well as testes and ovaries
-crucial for male sexual and reproductive function, responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men, including facial and body hair growth and voice change. Also affect bone and muscle development and metabolism
pancreas:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-regulates blood sugar levels and metabolism
-insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
insulin:
-released from?
-function?
-released from pancreas
-allows the cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood and affects other metabolic processes, such as the breakdown of fat or protein
glucagon:
-released from?
-function?
-closely related to?
-released from pancreas
-controls glucose levels in the blood
-is closely related to insulin-secreting beta cells, making it a crucial component that keeps the body’s blood glucose levels stable
somatostatin:
-released from?
-function?
-released from pancreas
-prevents the production of other hormones in your endocrine system and certain secretions in your exocrine system
testes:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-maturation of sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics
-androgens, testosterone
ovaries:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-regulates maturation of sex organs, secondary sex characteristics, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation
-progesterone, estrogen
progesterone:
-released from?
-function?
-released from ovaries
-prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation. It triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. It also prohibits the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg
estrogen:
-released from?
-function?
-released from testes and ovaries (men have it in smaller amounts)
-regulates the growth, development, and physiology of the human reproductive system
placenta:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-regulates gestation and childbirth
-progesterone, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placenta lactogen (hPL)
human chorionic gonadotropin:
-produced from?
-function?
-smaller amounts are produced where?
-placenta
-stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
-smaller amounts of hCG are also produced in the pituitary gland, the liver, and the colon
gonadotropin
-released?
-function?
-released from placenta
-causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone
human placental lactogen (hPL):
-released from?
-function?
-produced in placenta
-GH-like effects in both fetal and maternal compartments. In the fetus, it promotes formation of insulin-like growth factor and growth factors believed to promote growth of most, if not all, fetal tissues
what are two categories for hormones?
-anabolic and catabolic hormones
what is anabolic hormones
they are associated with the regulation of growth and development, these include testosterone, estrogen, insulin, and human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
what are the hormones that associate with regulation of growth and development?
-anabolic hormones including testosterone, estrogen, insulin, and human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
human growth hormone is released from where and what is it?
released from the pituitary gland and regulates muscle and tissue development
what is IGF?
insulin-growth factor which is synthesized in the liver and aids in tissue growth and many other functions.
is apart of the anabolic hormone
catabolic hormones are? what is an example?
they help regulate the breakdown of substances into smaller molecules
-example would be glucagon which is the breakdown of muscle glycogen for energy
what is hypothyroidism?
under-active thyroid gland which slows metabolism
what is hyperparathyroidism?
-over-active parathyroid can lead to osteoporosis (weak bone density)
what is adrenal insufficiency? (Addison’s disease)
chronic underproduction of steroids
hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia?
hyperglycemia is high blood glucose levels while hypoglycemia is low
type 1 diabetes vs type 2?
-type 1: autoimmune disease in children, teens, and people under 30. beta cells in pancreas are destroyed which means insufficient amount of insulin which means blood glucose will rise
-type 2: gradual on-set disease in adults under 40 can develop in all ages. is insulin resistance which prevents the cellular uptake of glucose which causes it to rise. account for 90% of diabetes in U.S
what is adrenocorticotropic hormone?
released by the pituitary gland, it is to stimulate your adrenal glands to release cortisol
lipid-based hormones:
-made out of? which include?
-insoluble or soluble?
-transported how?
-made out of cholesterol which include estrogen and testosterone
-insoluble in H2O
-transported by blood through carrier proteins
nonpolar fat-soluble hormone:
-made up of?
-include?
-insoluble or soluble?
-transported?
-made up of amino acids
-includes thyroid hormones
-insoluble
-transported in blood by carrier proteins
water-soluble hormones:
-made up of?
-include?
-insoluble or soluble?
-transported?
-made up of amino acids
-include epinephrine
-soluble in water
-soluble
-transported by diffusion (diffuses through cell membrane and attaches to binds to the protein)
what is a positive feedback mechanism?
increases the deviation from an ideal normal value and amplifies the change in a given direction
-oxytocin during birth amplifies the contractions and make it easier to get the baby out. the body is doing what it’s supposed to be doing by increasing the hormone
what is negative feedback mechanism?
-some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances
-person has high blood sugar so insulin will be released to slow down the lowering of blood sugar. the release of something to NEGatively impact its value
