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ATI TEAs > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of?

A

-glands that regulate numerous processes throughout the body by secreting chemical messengers called hormones

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2
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers which regulate a wide variety of bodily processes including metabolism, growth and development, sexual reproduction, sleep-wake cycle, and hunger

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3
Q

what is the hypothalamus?
-where is it located?
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-gland that plays a central role in the endocrine system by connecting it to the nervous system
-located in brain
-regulates pituitary function and metabolic processes including body temp., hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms (24 hours cycle/sleep-wake)
-TRH, GHRH, GnRH, dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin

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4
Q

what happens when input from the nervous system reaches the hypothalamus?

A

-the hypothalamus will release hormones from the pituitary gland

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5
Q

pituitary gland:
-releases?
-location?
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-releases hormones that regulate the release of hormones from many other of the other endocrine glands
-located in brain under hypothalamus
-regulates growth, blood pressure, reabsorption of water by kidneys, temperature, pain relief, and some reproductive functions and related to pregnancy and childbirth
-HGH, TSH, PRL, LH, FSH, oxytocin, ADH

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6
Q

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH):
-comes from?
-targets?
-regulates?

A

-released from the hypothalamus
-targets the anterior pituitary gland
-regulator of thyroid gland growth and function

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7
Q

dopamine:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from hypothalamus
-allowing you to feel pleasure, satisfaction and motivation

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8
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH):
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from the hypothalamus
-stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone into the bloodstream. This then acts on virtually every tissue of the body to control metabolism and growth

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9
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from hypothalamus
-causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

oxytocin:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from the hypothalamus and pituitary
-transported to and secreted by the pituitary gland, at the base of the brain. It plays a role in the female reproductive functions, from sexual activity to childbirth and breast feeding.

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11
Q

vasopressin:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from hypothalamus
-regulates blood pressure, blood osmolality, and blood volume

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12
Q

human growth hormone (HGH):
-released by?
-function?
-what is targeted?

A

-pituitary gland
-fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life however, the pituitary gland slowly reduces the amount of growth hormone it produces. influences muscles and bones
-thymus gland is targeted

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13
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
-released by?
-function?

A

-released by pituitary gland
-controls production of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, by the thyroid gland by binding to receptors located on cells in the thyroid gland

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14
Q

prolactin (PRL):
-released by?
-function?

A

-released by pituitary gland
-causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth

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15
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH):
-released by?
-function?

A

-released by pituitary gland
-stimulates testosterone release by the Leydig cells of the testes. In females, LH stimulates steroid release from the ovaries, ovulation, and the release of progesterone after ovulation by the corpus luteum (a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary)

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16
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
-released by?
-function?

A

-released by pituitary gland
-helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries. The amount of FSH varies throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle and is highest just before she releases an egg (ovulates)

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
-released by?
-function?

A

-released by pituitary gland
-helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body

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18
Q

pineal gland:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-regulates circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycle)
-melatonin which is what the brain produces in response to darkness

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19
Q

thyroid gland:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-regulates energy use and protein synthesis
-thyroxine (T4), triiodothrronine (T3), and calcitonin

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20
Q

thyroxine:
-released from?
-function?
-aka?

A

-released from thyroid gland
-it plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones
-aka T4

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21
Q

triiodothyronine:
-released from?
-function?
-aka?

A

-released from thyroid gland
-vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones
-aka T3

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22
Q

calcitonin:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from thyroid gland
-help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. Calcitonin opposes the actions of the parathyroid hormone, which is a hormone that increases your blood calcium levels

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23
Q

parathyroid:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-calcium and phosphate levels
-parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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24
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from parathyroid
-helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning

25
Q

what is the difference between T3 and T4?

A

T4 is largely inactive, meaning it doesn’t impact your cells, whereas T3 is active

26
Q

adrenal glands:
-how many are there?
-regulates?
-hormones produced?
-aka?

A

-there are two glands
-regulates the fight-or-flight response and regulation of salt and blood volume
-epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, androgens
-aka adrenal medulla

27
Q

epinephrine:
-released from?
-function?
-aka?
-also acts like a?

A

-released from adrenal glands
-is released in response to stress and role in metabolism, attention, focus, panic and excitement
-also known as adrenaline
-acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter

28
Q

norepinephrine:
-released from?
-acts as?
-increases?
-aka?

A

-released from adrenal glands
-both a neurotransmitter and hormone
-increases alertness, arousal and attention. Together with adrenaline, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart. It also increases blood pressure and helps break down fat and increase blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body
-aka noradrenaline

29
Q

cortisol:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from adrenal gland
-essential hormone that affects almost every organ and tissue in your body. Regulates your body’s stress response and helps control your body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, or your metabolism

30
Q

androgens:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from adrenal, as well as testes and ovaries
-crucial for male sexual and reproductive function, responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men, including facial and body hair growth and voice change. Also affect bone and muscle development and metabolism

31
Q

pancreas:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-regulates blood sugar levels and metabolism
-insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

32
Q

insulin:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from pancreas
-allows the cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood and affects other metabolic processes, such as the breakdown of fat or protein

33
Q

glucagon:
-released from?
-function?
-closely related to?

A

-released from pancreas
-controls glucose levels in the blood
-is closely related to insulin-secreting beta cells, making it a crucial component that keeps the body’s blood glucose levels stable

34
Q

somatostatin:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from pancreas
-prevents the production of other hormones in your endocrine system and certain secretions in your exocrine system

35
Q

testes:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-maturation of sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics
-androgens, testosterone

36
Q

ovaries:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-regulates maturation of sex organs, secondary sex characteristics, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation
-progesterone, estrogen

37
Q

progesterone:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from ovaries
-prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation. It triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. It also prohibits the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg

38
Q

estrogen:
-released from?
-function?

A

-released from testes and ovaries (men have it in smaller amounts)
-regulates the growth, development, and physiology of the human reproductive system

39
Q

placenta:
-regulates?
-hormones produced?

A

-regulates gestation and childbirth
-progesterone, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placenta lactogen (hPL)

40
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin:
-produced from?
-function?
-smaller amounts are produced where?

A

-placenta
-stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
-smaller amounts of hCG are also produced in the pituitary gland, the liver, and the colon

41
Q

gonadotropin
-released?
-function?

A

-released from placenta
-causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone

42
Q

human placental lactogen (hPL):
-released from?
-function?

A

-produced in placenta
-GH-like effects in both fetal and maternal compartments. In the fetus, it promotes formation of insulin-like growth factor and growth factors believed to promote growth of most, if not all, fetal tissues

43
Q

what are two categories for hormones?

A

-anabolic and catabolic hormones

44
Q

what is anabolic hormones

A

they are associated with the regulation of growth and development, these include testosterone, estrogen, insulin, and human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

45
Q

what are the hormones that associate with regulation of growth and development?

A

-anabolic hormones including testosterone, estrogen, insulin, and human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

46
Q

human growth hormone is released from where and what is it?

A

released from the pituitary gland and regulates muscle and tissue development

47
Q

what is IGF?

A

insulin-growth factor which is synthesized in the liver and aids in tissue growth and many other functions.
is apart of the anabolic hormone

48
Q

catabolic hormones are? what is an example?

A

they help regulate the breakdown of substances into smaller molecules
-example would be glucagon which is the breakdown of muscle glycogen for energy

49
Q

what is hypothyroidism?

A

under-active thyroid gland which slows metabolism

50
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism?

A

-over-active parathyroid can lead to osteoporosis (weak bone density)

51
Q

what is adrenal insufficiency? (Addison’s disease)

A

chronic underproduction of steroids

52
Q

hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia?

A

hyperglycemia is high blood glucose levels while hypoglycemia is low

53
Q

type 1 diabetes vs type 2?

A

-type 1: autoimmune disease in children, teens, and people under 30. beta cells in pancreas are destroyed which means insufficient amount of insulin which means blood glucose will rise
-type 2: gradual on-set disease in adults under 40 can develop in all ages. is insulin resistance which prevents the cellular uptake of glucose which causes it to rise. account for 90% of diabetes in U.S

54
Q

what is adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

released by the pituitary gland, it is to stimulate your adrenal glands to release cortisol

55
Q

lipid-based hormones:
-made out of? which include?
-insoluble or soluble?
-transported how?

A

-made out of cholesterol which include estrogen and testosterone
-insoluble in H2O
-transported by blood through carrier proteins

56
Q

nonpolar fat-soluble hormone:
-made up of?
-include?
-insoluble or soluble?
-transported?

A

-made up of amino acids
-includes thyroid hormones
-insoluble
-transported in blood by carrier proteins

57
Q

water-soluble hormones:
-made up of?
-include?
-insoluble or soluble?
-transported?

A

-made up of amino acids
-include epinephrine
-soluble in water
-soluble
-transported by diffusion (diffuses through cell membrane and attaches to binds to the protein)

58
Q

what is a positive feedback mechanism?

A

increases the deviation from an ideal normal value and amplifies the change in a given direction
-oxytocin during birth amplifies the contractions and make it easier to get the baby out. the body is doing what it’s supposed to be doing by increasing the hormone

59
Q

what is negative feedback mechanism?

A

-some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances
-person has high blood sugar so insulin will be released to slow down the lowering of blood sugar. the release of something to NEGatively impact its value

ATI TEAs (17 decks)

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