Cell Structure & Division Flashcards
what are macromolecules?
-large chemicals that are important to living things and include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
what do chemicals build?
-build cells
hiearchy of biology
organism
organs
tissues
cells
chemicals
what are the basic parts of the cell?
-nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm
what is mitochondria?
-what type of cell is it most abundant in?
-site of energy production
-skeletal cells due to the energy it needs for movement
organelles coordinate with other organelles to…
-perform a cell’s basic function, such as energy processing, waste excretion or protein synthesizing
what parts of the cell work together to create protein?
-ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus
what does the cell membrane do?
maintains cell environment through selective permeably
cytoplasm function
-suspends and supports the cell structures inside and transfers material required for cellular processes
golgi apparatus function
processes lipid molecules and proteins
lysosome function
-aid in digestion and recycling of old cell materials
-may help destroy invasive viruses and bacteria
mitochondrion
generates chemical energy in the form of ATP
nucleus
holds genes that carry hereditary information and regulates activity of the cell
nucleolus
-assembles RNA and proteins into ribosomes
ribosomes
-synthesize proteins. some are free floating and some are on the surface of endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
contains ribosomes; synthesizes and processes protein in the cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesize and concentrates lipids in cell
inactivates toxins and harmful metabolic processes
vacuole
serves as a storage for a variety of elements such as water, toxins, carbohydrates
what happens for mitosis?
phases of mitosis:
-mitosis happens for cell duplication for tissue growth and repair
1. interphase: DNA replicates
2. prophase: chromosomes condense and visible chromosomes appear
3. metaphase: chromosomes line up
4. anaphase: chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins
5. telophase: two nuclei form and daughter cells separate in cytokinesis
what’s interphase mitosis
apart of mitosis and is when DNA replicates
prophase mitosis
chromosomes condense and visible chromosomes appear, apart of mitosis
what is metaphase mitosis
metaphase is when chromosomes line up and it is part of mitosis
anaphase mitosis
-chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins, it is part of mitosis
telophase mitosis
-two nuclei form and daughter cells separate in cytokinesis
in the process of meiosis, what happens? what’re the phases?
-four gametes or sex cells are produced
-meiosis I
-interphase I
-prophase I
-metaphase I
-anaphase I
-telophase I
-happens again during meiosis II
during meiosis I and meiosis II, what happens during interphase?
-DNA is replicated
during meiosis I & II, what happens during prophase?
-meiosis I: homologous chromosomes pair and cross over
-meiosis II: daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell
during meiosis I & II, what happens during metaphase?
metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up in pairs
metaphase II: chromosomes align
during meiosis I & II, what happens during anaphase?
-anaphase I: one chromosome from each homologous pair is pulled towards each pole
-anaphase II: sister chromatids separates and move to opposite ends of the cell
ellduring meiosis I & II, what happens during telophase?
-telophase I: nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two
-telophase II: nuclear membrane forms as the two cells separate into four haploid daughter cells
