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ATI TEAs > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do?

A

circulates blood, which carries nutrients, wastes, hormones and other important substances dissolved or suspended in plasma

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2
Q

what do WBCs do?

A

fight off infection

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3
Q

what do RBCs do?

A

transports oxygen and contain hemaglobin

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4
Q

what is hemaglobin?

A

large molecule that includes iron atoms, which binds to oxygen

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5
Q

how is blood circulated?

A

through the heart

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6
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart?

A

right atria, right ventricle, left atria, and left ventricle

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7
Q

what do valves do within the chamber?

A

prevent backflow of blood

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8
Q

-what valves separate the right atria and right ventricle?
-what about the left atria and left ventricle?

A

-right is separated by tricuspid
-left is mitral

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9
Q

what does the pulmonary valve do and where is it located?
-what does the aortic valve do and where is it located?

A

-located more to the right of the heart and regulates movement of blood out the heart into the pulmonary arteries (left and right artery)
-located more to the left of the heart and regulates movement of blood out of the heart into the aortic arteries (superior and inferior)

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10
Q

what are the two neurological nodes?

A

-sinoatrial (located in the right atrium) which regulate the pumping action of the heart and the atrioventricular nodes which sets the rhythm of the heart through electrical activity (located between atria and ventricles)

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11
Q

sinoatrial nodes:
-act as?
-initiates?
-causes?
-located?

A

-act as the normal pacemaker of the heart
-initiates an action potential that results in an electrical impulse traveling through the heart’s electrical conduction system to cause myocardial contraction
-located in the right upper atrium

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12
Q

atrioventricular nodes:
-where is it located?
-introduces?
-sets?

A

primarily an electrical gatekeeper between the atria and ventricles and introduces a delay between atrial and ventricular excitation, allowing for efficient ventricular filling
-sets the rhythm of the heartbeat
-if sinoatrial node gave out, this would come into play but won’t beat as fast 60-40bpm

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13
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

-outermost protective layer of the heart that contains a lubricative layer

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14
Q

what is the epicardium?

A

the deepest later of the pericardium that envelops the heart muscle

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15
Q

myocardium?

A

the heart muscle

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16
Q

endocardioum?

A

the innermost, smooth layer of the heart walls

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17
Q

what are the two different arteries?

A

-elastic: have more elastic tissue than muscular arteries and are located close to your heart
-ex: aorta and pulmonary artery
-muscular: have more smooth muscle than elastic arteries
-ex: femoral, radial and brachial arteries

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18
Q

coronary arteries

A

-supplies oxygenated blood to heart muscle

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19
Q

what do arteries bring?
-help?
-where are they located?

A

-brings oxygenated rich blood from heart to body
-help keep your blood pressure steady, control blood flow. They do both by tightening or loosening their muscle walls
-they all branch out from the aorta, the main artery and branch out into smaller and smaller arteries to get to their destination

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20
Q

carotid arteries function

A

-supplies oxygenated blood to brain, neck, face and head

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21
Q

vertebral arteries function

A

-supplies oxygenated blood to spine and brain

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22
Q

iliac arteries

A

-internal iliac artery supplies the pelvis, pelvic organs, reproductive organs, and the medial part of the thigh
-external iliac artery is the largest branch of the common iliac artery, and it forms the main blood supply to the lower extremities

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23
Q

femoral artery

A

-supplies to oxygenated blood to legs, starts in your upper thigh, near your groin and runs down to the back of your knee

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24
Q

subclavian arteries

A

-supplies oxygenated blood to head, neck and arms.left and right subclavian arteries, located below each of your collarbones

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25
Q

celiac artery

A

-supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, stomach, abdominal esophagus, spleen, and the superior half of both the duodenum and the pancreas
-aka celiac trunk
a short vessel that arises from the aorta and passes below the median arcuate ligament

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26
Q

mesenteric artery

A

-branches off the aorta and provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to the intestines as well as the pancreas

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27
Q

the three layers of the artery:

A

-tunica intima: inner layer, has tissue with elastic fiber
-tunica media: middle layer, this is mostly smooth muscle that lets your arteries get tighter or more open as needed
-tunica externa: outer layer, interacts with other tissues, including nerves that send commands to pull in or expand

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28
Q

after blood exits the heart through the arteries, where does the blood go? (before supplying the tissue or organ)

A

arteries then become arterioles then capillaries, the smallest branch of the system in which gas exchange occurs

29
Q

where does gas exchange occur within the circulatory system?

A

-within the capillaries, the smallest branch

30
Q

what do veins carry?

A

-deoxygenated blood to travel back to the heart

31
Q

the pulmonary loop does what?

A

-deoxygenated blood leaves the heart and travels to the lungs, where it loses carbon dioxide and becomes rich in oxygen. the oxygenated blood then returns to the heart which pumps it through the systemic loop

32
Q

the systemic loop does what?

A

-delivers oxygen to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

33
Q

sequence of pulmonary and systemic loop

A
  1. veins pump deoxygenated blood through the superior vena cava to get to the heart and into the right atrium
  2. deoxygenated blood will leave the heart into the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle (this is called atrial systole)
  3. and to the pulmonary valve. once it reaches the pulmonary valve, it goes into the pulmonary artery into the lungs where it loses carbon dioxide and becomes rich in oxygen. (ventricular systole)
  4. now we have oxygenated blood which will leave the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle and into the aortic valve. then it goes into the aorta and back into the body
34
Q

right chamber pumps blood to?
the left pumps blood to?

A

-right pumps blood to the pulmonary artery to the lung where it’s enriched in oxygen
-the left pumps blood to all other body parts through the aorta and systemic circuit

35
Q

how does the lymphatic system operate along-slide the circulatory system?

A

-lymphatic helps moves fluids and other substances through lymphatic vessels. important for immune system

36
Q

what do lymphatic vessels is important for?
-circulates?
-removes?
-balances? by?

A

-important for the immune system because it circulates white blood cells and removes waste products and balances fluid levels by removing excess interstitial fluid (the fluid between cells)

37
Q

what is lymph? what is its cycle?

A

-fluid carried through the lymphatic system
-passes through the lymph nodes which filter waste and is home to large number of WBCs. after lymph has been filtered, it returns to the cardiovascular system through the subclavian vein

38
Q

the only vein that carries oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

39
Q

veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

-deoxygenated, except for the pulmonary vein

40
Q

hypertension vs hypotension

A

-hypertension is increased blood pressure, usually above 140/80bpm
-hypotension is decreased blood pressure, usually below 90/60bpm

41
Q

what is ischemia and infarction?

A

-ischemia is the reduced blood flow to tissues and infarction is the death of tissue caused by restricted blood flow

42
Q

whats embolus?

A

a mass made of fat, bacteria or other materials

43
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot aka thromboembolism

44
Q

myocardial infarction is aka

A

a heart attack which is an occlusion/blockage of the coronary arteries. cardiac tissue death may result to reduced cardio output or cardiac arrest

45
Q

what is plaque

A

composed of fat, white blood cells and other waste
-if build of this in the arteries, it leads to atherosclerosis

46
Q

dysrhythmias

A

abnormal heart rhythms

47
Q

bradycardia vs tachycardia

A

less than 60bpm vs more than 100bpm

48
Q

what is the septum in the heart?

A

separates the right and left chamber

49
Q

systole

A

-contraction of the heart “lub” sound
-blood being pumped out and into arteries from the chambers
-atrioventricular valves are closed and semilunar valves are open

50
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves? when do they close?

A

they are the mitral and tricuspid valves which close during systole

51
Q

what are the semilunar valves? when do they close?

A

aortic and pulmonary valves. they close during diastole

52
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart
“dub” sound
blood is flowing into the heart and filling the chambers

53
Q

what is the bundle of His?

A

-a heart muscle that takes part in electrical conduction in the hear transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node. Two bundle branches carry the electrical signal through the ventricles to the bottom of the heart and cause the ventricles to beat

54
Q

purkinje fibers

A

branched fibers that carry the electrical impulse to the ventricles

55
Q

bundle of His vs purkinje fibers

A

Bundle of His is a collection of specialized heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AV node in the heart to the muscle cells of the heart wall.
Purkinje fibres are thin filaments that distribute electrical impulses to the ventricle myocardium and activate right and left ventricles

56
Q

are veins or arteries thicker? capillaries are made up of?

A

arteries are thick-walled and veins are thin-walled
capillaries are made up of single layer endothelium

57
Q

what do capillaries connect?

A

connect arteries to veins in tissues

58
Q

how does the pulmonary loop start? the systemic loop?

A

-pulmonary starts with carrying deoxygenated blood
-systemic starts with carrying oxygenated blood

59
Q

the heart cycle

A
  1. contraction of ventricles causing atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) to CLOSE
  2. empty ventricles are filled by blood pushed out during atrial systole
  3. at the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary trunk close, preventing blood from falling back into ventricles
60
Q

what does blood plasma contain?

A

nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins

61
Q

red blood cells contain?

A

hemoglobin, transports oxygen form the lungs to the rest of the body and transport some of the CO2 back to the lungs for removal

62
Q

where is CO2 dissolved in? where is it used to do what?

A

-dissolved in plasma about 5 to 7% of it
-85% of CO2 is used to maintain acid-base pH balance in blood through bicarbonate buffer system

63
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

64
Q

platelets are responsible for?

A

blood clotting

65
Q

what does the open circulatory system’s capillaries drain?

A

drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and filter it through a system of lymph nodes

66
Q

what is lymph?

A

plasma with RBCs removed which eventually drain into the large veins leading back to the heart

67
Q

whats atherosclerosis

A

build up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot

68
Q

when oxygenated blood is transport to arteries to capillaries, what is picked up?

A

carbon dioxide or deoxygenated blood

ATI TEAs (17 decks)

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