Respiratory System

Question 1

what is the respiratory system’s function?

Answer 1

-for exchange of gases between human body and environment
-maintain the pH blood by releasing CO2 (acidic gas)

Question 2

why is oxygen brought into the body?

Answer 2

for glucose metabolism

Question 3

why is carbon dioxide brought into the body?

Answer 3

to be expelled by glucose metabolism, which is what oxygen does

Question 4

where does gas exchange take place?

Answer 4

in the alveoli

Question 5

which lung is bigger and why?

Answer 5

right lung is bigger than the left left because it has three lobes and the left only has 2 and the heart sits near the left lung

Question 6

what is pleura?

Answer 6

thick membrane surrounding the lungs

Question 7

what is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 7

breathing

Question 8

what is the first stage of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 8

-inhalation then exhalation/desperation

Question 9

during inhalation, what happens?

Answer 9

-thoracic cavity expands and diaphragm muscle contracts or pushes downwards which decreases the pressure in the lungs and pulls in air from atmosphere

Question 10

before air entering into the trachea, what happens to it?

Answer 10

it gets filtered through cilia and mucus

Question 11

trachea is aka and what is it

Answer 11

aka windpipes and is the airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi

Question 12

sequence of air inhalation:

Answer 12

air enters nasal and mouth cavity, travels to the pharynx (back of the throat), passes to the larynx (voice-box), down the trachea, to the bronchi (divisions of trachea), which leads to smaller bronchi (bronchioles), then alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Question 13

epiglottis

Answer 13

covers the esophagus so that air doesn’t enter digestive track

Question 14

when does the diaphragm contract? relax?

Answer 14

-contracts during inhalation due to expanded lungs
-relaxes during exhalation due to contracted lungsdis

Question 15

what are alveoli?

Answer 15

tiny sacs located at the end of the smallest bronchioles where gas exchange with blood occurs.

Question 16

what happens during the gas exchange with blood within the alveoli?

Answer 16

-oxygen diffuses into the blood with carbon dioxide is diffused out

Question 17

what is released during exhalation

Answer 17

-carbon dioxide

Question 18

asthma

Answer 18

airways are compromised due to dysfunctional immune response

Question 19

pulmonary embolism

Answer 19

a blood clot that travels to the lungs that causes pain and low O2

Question 20

upper respiratory tract infections affect what? lower?

Answer 20

-uppper: nose and throat
-lower: lungs and immediate pulmonary inputs

Question 21

viral infections of the respiratory system:

Answer 21

influenza, cold

Question 22

bacterial infections of the respiratory system:

Answer 22

-tuberculosis and pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 23

pneumonia

Answer 23

inflammation of lungs that affects alveoli

Question 24

what is the trachea made up of

Answer 24

cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing

Question 25

alveoli have type II alveolar cells that release?

Answer 25

release a lipoprotein called surfactant which reduces surface tension

Question 26

what is the area between the lungs called and what is located here?

Answer 26

mediastinum and the heart is to the left side

Question 27

what are bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 27

is what divides the lungs into lobes and each segment/lobe receive air from its own bronchus and receives blood from its own artery

Question 28

what does the pulmonary system do? (referring with systemic system)

Answer 28

it sends blow low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide to the lungs where oxygen is picked and CO2 is dropped off then to the heart and the rest of the body

Question 29

as oxygen is consumed by cells…

Answer 29

the blood becomes deoxygenated and is returned to the heart

Question 30

what is diffusion?
-gas exchange?

Answer 30

-a passive transport mechanism
-gas exchange in lungs occurs by diffusion

Question 31

rate of diffusion is?

Answer 31

directly proportional to the surface area involved and the concentration gradient and is in inversely proportional to the distance between two solutions
-rate of diffusion increases if the distance between blood cells and the alveoli is decreased

Question 32

what happens during diffusion?

Answer 32

1. oxygen in lungs move into blood and carbon dioxide in blood move into the lungs. then lungs exhale the CO2 back to the atmosphere.
2. heart’s pulmonary vessels enter the lungs with the blood having a low concentration of oxygen. the capillaries have a high concentration of oxygen from the inhaled air
3. molecules move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. thin alveolar epithelium allows the diffusion
4. capillaries contain high levels of CO2 while alveoli contain high levels of O2 and a low level of CO2
5. this causes diffusion of CO2 into the alveoli and O2 into the blood capillaries

Question 33

what does ventilation occur as?

Answer 33

a combination of muscle action and negative pressure

Question 34

to increase the volume of the lungs, what contracts?

Answer 34

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs simultaneously which decrease the pressure in the lungs and draws in air

Question 35

the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax and?

Answer 35

causes a reduction in lung volume and an increase in pressure in the lungs and causes air to be pushed out

Question 36

what is the tidal volume?

Answer 36

the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Question 37

what is residual volume?
what makes the vital capacity?
what makes the inspiratory capacity?
what makes the functional residual capacity?
what makes the total lung capacity?

Answer 37

-a small amount of air rich in CO2 which remains trapped in alveoli after expiration and mixes with air rich in oxygen brought in through inspiration. air that resides in the lungs and left there
-residual volume + expiratory reserve volume = vital capacity
-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume = inspiratory capacity
-IC + VC aka resting point
vital capacity + residual volume

Question 38

what part of the brain controls breathing and how?

Answer 38

the medulla oblongata through monitoring CO2 levels and blood pH

Question 39

if blood pH starts to decrease, then?

Answer 39

respiration rates will increase to balance CO2 and O2 levels

Question 40

what is the condition of asthmatic people?

Answer 40

they have narrow airways of the respiratory system which results from swelling of airways or mucus buildup

Question 41

the effects of environmental pollutant (chemicals, pollen, smoke) can?

Answer 41

impede lung function by damaging cilia or causing emphysema (shortness of breath), allergies and inflammation

Question 42

what are genetic conditions for the respiratory system?

Answer 42

-lung surfactant insufficient, asthma, cystic fibrosis (mucus that is too thick and sticky, which. blocks airways and leads to lung damage; traps germs and makes infections more likely)

Question 43

pathogen diseases and their meaning

Answer 43

-influenza (infection of the nose, throat and lungs)
-tuberculosis (infectious disease that mainly affects the lung)
-pneumonia (lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid)

Question 44

if the tidal volume in the lung increases, what occurs in the blood?

Answer 44

increase diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream. Oxygen will increase in the bloodstream