skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

when does bone growth cease?

A

once epiphyseal plates ossify growth ceases leaving an epiphyseal line
hyaline c,t remains at end of long bones “articular c.t)

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2
Q

what is ossification vs calcification?

A

ossification- process of creating bone
calcification - build up of calcium in soft tissue causing it to harden, can occur in damaged/diseased tissue as well as growing bone
is an aspect of ossification

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3
Q

what is bone remodelling?

A

ongoing osteoclast and osteoblast activity throughout life
influenced by several factors

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4
Q

what are the five factors related to bone-remodelling?

A
  1. hormones- parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
    regulate calcium and phosphate levels in blood by putting excess calcium into bone or removing calcium from bones and estrogen/testosterone increase osteoblast proliferation and activity
  2. mechanical stress- weight bearing exercise increases bone density (increases osteoblast activity)
  3. in responce to damage- fracture-osteoblast repair- bone callus reshaped by osteoclasts
  4. age- bone degration exeeds bone building (osteopenuia) at 40 bone thinning can progress to osteoporosis
  5. nutrition- calcium- required for bone formation/repair
    vitamin d- required for absorption of dietary ca+
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5
Q

what are bone markings?

A

surface features
reflect functional relationship to soft structures (tendons, muscles, ligaments, nerves)

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6
Q

what are the three bone marking functional classifications?

A
  1. depressions and openings
  2. projections(processes) that form joints
  3. projections for muscle and ligament attachment
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7
Q

how many facial bones are there and what are they?

A

14
1. zygomatic (R&L cheekbones)
2. lacrimal (R&L foramina here drains tears)
3. nasal (R&L with nasal c.t from external nose)
4. vomer(with septal c.t forms nasal septum)
5.mandible(forms lower jaw and chin)
6.maxilla (forms upper jaw and hard palate)
7. ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes of middle ear
8. hyoid bone (only bone that does not articulate with any other bones in the body)

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8
Q

vertebral column?

A

24 individual vertebrae + 9 fused vertebrae = 33 vertebrae
houses and protects spinal cord
separated by intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage)
normal s shape curve which functions like a spring

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9
Q

what are the two major divisions of the skeleton?

A

axial skeleton- skull, vertebral column, bony thorax ( ribs and sternum)
appendicular skeleton- pelvic girdle and legs, pectoral girdle and arms (clavicles and scapulae)

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10
Q

what bones and cavities does the skull contain?

A

cranial and facial bones
some skulls contain sinuses which are air-filled cavities lined in mucous membrane

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11
Q

what does the cranium house and how many bones does it consist of?

A

houses the brain which sits in the cranial cavity
8 large flat bones joined by fissures interlocking fibrous joints which permit growth of the skull and ossifiy in middle age

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12
Q

what are the 8 bones in the cranium?

A

1.frontal bone- forms forehead ]
2.parietal bone- R&L forms sides of cranium
3.occipital bone- back of head- occipital condyles articulate with vertebral column foraman magnum here
4. temporal bone- R&L temples auditory meatus entrance to ear, mastoid process for attachment of mastication muscles
5. sphenoid bone- forms floor of cranium and orbit of eye sella turica, pituitary sits here
6. ethmoid bone- forms orbit and nasal cavity with nasal conchae well as anterior floor of cranium: cribiform plate with olfactory foramina

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13
Q

what are the three regions of the vertebral structure?

A

7 cervical vertebrae c1-c7
12 thoracic vertebrae t1-t12
5 lumbar vertebrae l1-l5

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14
Q

what is atlas vs axis?

A

atlas c1articulates with skull
axis c2 articulates with atlas permits rotation of head

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15
Q

what does the sacrum consist of?

A

formed from fusion of s1-s5
center of gravity for body
4 pairs of foramina for passage of blood vessels and nerves
articulates with ilium of hip- sacroniac joint

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16
Q

difference between annulus fibrosus vs nucleus pulposus

A

annulus is outer ring of fibrocartilage on vertebrae
nucleus is the inner gelatinous material

17
Q

what is the bony thorax?

A

thoracic vertebrae+ ribs+ sternum
framework of chest protects the heart/lungs

18
Q

what is the sternum?

A

manubrium+ body(with xiphoid process)
protects the heart

19
Q

what are the ribs?

A

bowed flat bones
attached to body of sternum by hyaline c.t (costal cartilage)
protects the lungs
head articulates with the thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs

20
Q

describe the pairs of the ribs?

A

12 pairs
7 pairs of true ribs which attach directly to sternum
5 pairs false ribs
3 pairs attached to costal cartilage
2 pairs floating not attached to anything

21
Q

what are the clavicles?

A

collarbones
articulates with sternum at sternal end and scapula acrominal end
curved long bones that brace shoulder

22
Q

what are the scapulae?

A

shoulderblades
triangular flat bones
glenoid fossa-articulates with head of humerous
acromion- articulates with clavicle

23
Q

what are the upper arms?

A

humerous articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula for form the shoulder joint

24
Q

what are the lower arms?

A

ulna (medial) and radius (lateral)
artiulcate with humerous to form elbow joint

25
Q

what is the elbow?

A

olecranon process of the ulna

26
Q

where do the radius and ulna artoulcate both proximally and distally at?

A

radioulnar joints and along their length by an interosseous membrane to permit roation of the radius over the ulna

27
Q

what does the hand consist of?

A

phalanges (finger bones) and metacarpals (palm bones) and carpals (wrist bones)
each finger consist of a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx except the thumb pollex which consists of only 2 phalanges

28
Q

what is the pelvic girdle? (hip girdle)

A

comprimised of right and left coxal bones
each coxal bone formed from 3 bones
ilium and ischium and pubis

29
Q

what does the upper leg consist of?

A

femur
articulates with acetabulum of coxal bone to form hip joint

30
Q

what does the lower leg consist of?

A

tibia and fibula
tibia articulates with condyles of femur to form knee joint

31
Q

what does the feet consist of?

A

phalanges (toes) and metatarsals (foot bones) and tarsals (ankle/heel bone)
each toe consists of 3 phalanges except the big toe hallux which consists of 2 phalanges