muscular system physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

why do skeletal muscles cells contract?

A

the muscle cells contract in responce to a stimulas from a motor neuron

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2
Q

where do motor neuron communicate with muscle cells?

A

neuromuscular junction and then the motor unit contracts

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3
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates

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4
Q

what difference can motor unit have?

A

some have only a few muscle cells which permits precise motor control and other units have many muscle cells which allows for powerful contractions or gross motor movement

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5
Q

at the neuromuscular junction a motor neuron releases what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

what triggers the release of ACh?

A

Ca+ influx into neuron

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7
Q

at the neuromuscular junction ACh molecules bind to what?

A

bind to ACh receptor’s on muscle cell membrane

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8
Q

at the neuromuscular junction binding of ACh to muscle cell membrane triggers what?

A

triggers an action potencial in the muscle cell

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9
Q

what is the muscle cell membrane potencial?

A

charge difference across cell membrane due to differences in ion distribution which is a form of potencial energy

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10
Q

changes in the membrane potencial can cause what?

A

can generate an action potencial which is a sudden change in membrane potencial of an editable cell due to Na+ influx which leads to depolarization

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11
Q

muscle cell action potentials occur when?

A

muscle cells are stimulated by motor neurons

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12
Q

what is excitation?

A

is an action potencial which through t-tubules triggers Ca+ release which causes crossbridge formation which causes muscle contraction

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13
Q

what is the 1st step in muscle cell excitation?

A

Na influx causes muscle cell depolarization
action potencial= excitation

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14
Q

what is the 2 step in muscle cell excitation?

A

action potentials spreads over sacrolemma to t-tubules

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15
Q

what is the 3 step in muscle cell excitation?

A

a.p triggers Ca+ release from cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

what is the 4 step in muscle cell excitation?

A

Ca+ causes crossbridge formation between actin and myosin filaments

17
Q

what is the 5 step in muscle cell excitation?

A

filaments slide (sacromenes shorten) which gives muscle contraction

18
Q

how does muscle contraction occur then?

A

when filaments slide and sacromeres shorten

19
Q

what happens with relaxed muscles within sliding of filaments?

A

myosin binding sites on actin are blocked by troponin-tropomyosin complex

20
Q

what happens after mysoin binding sites are blocked by troponin?

A

Ca++ release and binds to troponin and the tropomyosin shifts and myosin binding sites are exposed

21
Q

after myosin binding sites are exposed what is crossbridge formation?

A

mysoin head latches on and binds to the actin filament

22
Q

after the myosin head latches on what is the powerstroke?

A

actin filaments slides along myosin filament and is repeated many times

23
Q

how does the breaking of crossbridges occur?

A

triggered by the binding of ATP to myosin

24
Q

how does the myosin head get recocked?

A

ATP is used and hydrolized to ADP + P

25
Q

what does the contraction of a whole muscle require?

A

requires stimultaneous contraction of many motor units

26
Q

what is a muscle twitch?

A

simultaneous contraction of motor units triggered by a single stimulas

27
Q

what is the latent phase of a muscle contraction?

A

t-tubules depolarize Ca++ released, muscle cannot respond to another stimulas

28
Q

what is the contraction phase of a muscle contraction?

A

sacromeres shorten and tension increases

29
Q

what is the relaxation phase of a muscle contraction?

A

Ca++ trasnported back into cisternae of SR

30
Q

what happens if more motor units are recruited?

A

more motor units stimulate more muscle fibres which creates a stronger contraction and tension icreases

31
Q

what is tension?

A

force excerted by a contracting muscle measured in grams

32
Q

what affects the amount of tension?

A
  1. muscle length (amount of stretch)
  2. strength of stimulas because of motor unit recruitment
  3. frequency of stimulas because of motor unit recruitment
33
Q

steps in muscle cell contraction?

A
  1. muscle cell action potencial
  2. causes Ca++ to release from SR
  3. causes filaments to slide
  4. contraction continues as long as Ca++ levels are high
34
Q

steps in muscle cell relaxation?

A
  1. stimulas stops(no action potencial)
  2. active transport of Ca++ back into sacroplasmic reticulum (ATP used)
  3. crossbridges can no form (tropomyosin covers binding sites) filaments seperate
  4. repolarization of muscle cell (Na/k transporter restores resting membrane potencial) ATP used
35
Q

how does moderate stretch affect tension?

A

maximum number of crossbridges can form (maximum tension)

36
Q

how does unstretched muscle affect tension?

A

fewer crossbridges can form (low tension)

37
Q

how does overstretched muscle affect tension?

A

no overlap between actin/myosin, no crossbridges means no tension

38
Q

how does the strength of the stimulas affect tension?

A

stronger stimulas= increased motor unit recruitment
smaller motor units recruited first then larger ones

39
Q

what varries for different motor units?

A

threshold