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biology 152 > joints > Flashcards

joints Flashcards

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1
Q

what are joints?

A

where two bones meet
classified on basis of function and structure

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2
Q

what are the three functional classifications of joints?

A
  1. synarthosis-immovable
  2. amphiarthrosis- slight movement
  3. diarthrosis- freely movable
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3
Q

what is the structural classification of joints?

A

based on type of material connecting bone
presence or absense of a joint cavity

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4
Q

what are the three types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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5
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A

fibrous bones connected by dense regular c.t

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6
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

suture- between cranial bones is synartrotic
gomphosis- tooth in socket, periodontal ligament holds tooth in place synarthrotic
syndesmosis- tibia/fibula/radius/ulna amphiarthotic

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7
Q

what are cartilagenous joints

A

connected by cartilage two types

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8
Q

what are the two types of cartilagenous joints

A

synchondrosis- hyaline c.t, epiphyseal plates, 1st rib to sternum, synarthrotic
symphysis- fibrocartilage, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs amphiarthrotic

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9
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

fluid-filled joint cavity
consists of 3 kinds

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10
Q

what are the three types of synovial joints?

A

1.monaxial- movement in 1 plane
hinge joints-knee, elbow
pivot joints-atlas to axis
2. biaxial- movement in 2 planes
saddle joints-base of thumb
condylar- base of fingers
3.multiaxial- movement in over two planes
ball and socket joints- hip, shoulder
plane/gliding joints- intercarpel
all synovial are classified as diarthortic

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11
Q

what is the structure of synovial joints?

A

diarthrotic- freely moveable
fluid filled cavity joiny cavity- fluid secreted by fibroblasts in synovial membrane

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12
Q

what is the synovial membrane?

A

secrete synovial fluid

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13
Q

what is synovial cavity?

A

contains synovial fluid and lubricates

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14
Q

what is hylaline c.t?

A

protects ends of bones

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15
Q

what is the fibrous capsule?

A

thickening of periosteum to enclose joint

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16
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

membrane around the bone

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17
Q

what are the five compentents to synovial joints?

A

synovial membrane
synovial cavity
hyaline c.t
fibrous capsule
periosteum

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18
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

absorbs shock(consistency of egg white= proteoglycans +tissue fluid)
reduces friction- between articulating surfaces
nourishes chondrocytes- c.t is avascular has no blood suply

19
Q

affects of exercise on synovial fluid?

A

increases the temp of the fluid= becomes less viscous and flows more easily
stimulates production of synovial fluid
helps circulate synovial fluid

20
Q

what are the structures associated of synovial joints?

A
  1. bursa
    2.tendon sheath
  2. ligaments
  3. tendons c.t
  4. meniscus
21
Q

what is the bursa?

A

fluid filled sacs (dense c.t lined in synovial membrane occur where muscles/tendons/skin rub over bone)

22
Q

what is a tendon sheath?

A

elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon= bun around weiner arrangement

23
Q

what are ligaments?

A

hold bone to bone dense regular c.t
stabilizes joints and determines flexibilty of joints

24
Q

what are tendons?

A

attach muscles to bones dense regular c.t

25
Q

what is a meniscus?

A

pad of fibrocartilage between joints (knee joints)
resists compression
channels flow of synovial fluid

26
Q

how does muscle attachement occur?

A

tendons connect muscle to bone dense regular
muscles are attached to bone= contractions move bones

27
Q

where does movement of muscle attachment occur?

A

occurs at joints (articulations) system of levers
most muscles have two points of attachment

28
Q

what is the orgin?

A

point of attachment on stationary bone

29
Q

what is insertion?

A

point of attachment on bone that moves

30
Q

what are muscle groups?

A

actions (movements) at joints are brought about by 3 general groups of muscles

31
Q

what are the three muscle groups?

A
  1. prime mover(agonist)- muscle cheifly responcible for movement
  2. synergist-assists the prime motor
  3. antagonist- opposes the action of the agonist
32
Q

what are muscle actions?

A

types of movements produced at joints by muscle contraction

33
Q

what is abduction?

A

movement away from the midline

34
Q

what is adduction?

A

movement towards midline

35
Q

what is flexion?

A

movement that reduces angle between 2 bones

36
Q

what is extension?

A

movement that increases angle between 2 bones

37
Q

what is pronation?

A

movement of forearm so palms face posterioly

38
Q

what is supination?

A

movement of forearm so palm faces anteriorly

39
Q

what is dorsifelxion?

A

flexing ankles so toes lift

40
Q

what is plantar flexion?

A

pointing toes

41
Q

what is elevation?

A

movement in superior direction

42
Q

what is depression?

A

movement in inferior direction?

43
Q

what is protraction?

A

movement in anterioly in horizontal plane

44
Q

what is retraction?

A

movement posteriorly in horizontal plane

biology 152 (28 decks)

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