lab exam Flashcards
function of an erytrocyte?
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
function of a neutrophil?
kills bacteria by phagocytosis and respiratory burst, englufs damaged or dying cells
function of an lymphocyte?
produces a specific immune responce by direct cell attack or via antibodies
function of a monocyte?
develops into phagocytic macrophage and triggers specific defenses by presenting antigen to T cells
what is an eiosinophil?
releases enzymes to destroy parasites, decreases allergic responce by engulfing antibody labelled materials
what is a basophil?
releases histamine to trigger inflammatory responce involved in allergic reactions
what are thrombocytes?
forms plug to seal small tears in blood vessels, releases chemicals that stimulate blood clotting
what are major components of plasma?
90% water or solvent
8% proteins
nutrients gases wastes hormones ions
what are the three primary classes of proteins where are they produced?
albumin, globulin and clotting factors and all are produced in the liver
neutrophils normal range for a differential count? plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur
50 -70%
increased- acute bacterial infection, myelocyticleukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, stress
decreased- aplastic+ pernicals anemia, viral infection, radiation treatment, some medications
lymphocyte normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur
20-30%
increased- lymphatic leukemia, infectious mononucleiosis, viral infections
decreased- radiation therapy, aids, corticosteroid therapy
monocyte normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur
2-8%
increased- chronic inflammation, viral infections, tuberculosis
decreased- aplastic anemia, corticosteriod therapy
eosinophils normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur
2-4%
increased- allergies, parasitic infections, auto-immune disorders
decreased- steroid therapy
basophils eosinophils normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur
0.5-1%
increased- inflammatory process, during healing
decreased- hypersenitivity reactions
what is leukemia?
incontrollable leukopoiesis/ cancer of red bone marrow
what is leukocytosis?
high white blood cell count
what is leukopenia?
low white blood cell count
what is leukopoiesis?
formation of white blood cells/ leukocytes
what is the buffy coat?
white blood cells and platelets at the interface between rbc and plasma
how do you calculate hct?
height of rbc column/total height of blood column x100
how do you calculate mcv?
hct/rbc count x10
how do you calculate mch?
hb/rbc count x10
normal range for hb, hct, mcv, mch?
hb 14-18g/dl
hct- 42-52%
mcv-82-92um
mch- 27-31pg
what is a microcyte?
a smaller than usual rbc associated with certain anemias
what is a marcocyte?
rbc that are larger then normal
what is hyperchromic?
higher amount of hemoglobin
what is hypochromic?
rbc have less colour than usual means lower amount of hemoglobin
where do the coronary arteries originate from?
the aorta
coronary sinus delivers oxygenated blood to the…
right atrium
what is CAD?
coronary artery disease
plaque buildup in the walls of the coronary system
what is coronary ischemia and what causes it?
blood flow to heart muscle is obstructed by blockage of coronary arteries from buildup of plaque so it has less oxygen at cardiomyocytes die =muscle
what is a myocardial infarction?
lack of blood flow meaning low amount of oxygen to myocardium and blood flow is blocked = portion of myocardiocytes die
what is a CABG?
coronary artery bypass graft
surgical treatment to treat coronary heart disease diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts to improve blood flow and oxygen
what two arteries does brain receive blood from?
vertebral arteries and common carotid arteries
what do the vertebral arteries pass through?
transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae
what is CVA?
cerebral vascular accident or a stroke
3 possible symptoms of a stroke
slurred speech
droppy face
numbness and weakness of right side
confusion
why is middle cerebral artery common site for CVA?
large vessel and embolism often come up it as it is a common place for clots
a cva involving the left branch of the artery will cause?
right sided weakness and motor skill loss as that area of brain is contralateral
what is hemmorrhagic stroke?
open bleed in brain from ruptered blood vessel due to aneriusm
what is a thrombotic stroke?
blockage preventing blood flow
WBC test
white blood cells
leukopenia= low
leukocytosis= high
RBC test
red blood cells
high=low oxygen levels
low=anemia
Hb/ hgb
hemoglobin content of blood
high=polycythemia
low=anemia
Hct
hematocrit levels = percent volume taken upby red blood cells
high=macrocytic
low=microcytic
mcv
average size of erythrocytes
low- hypochromic
high= hyperchromic
platelet count
thrombocytes
high=thrombocytosis
low=thrombocytopenia
crp
c reactive protein in liver
high=risk of heart diease
pt
prothrombin time
=time for thrombin to clot
high=clot is formed slowly
ldh
lactate dehydrogenase
high=hemolytic anemia
low= not harmful
cpk
creatine phosphkinate muscle enzyme
high=stress of injury
low= c.t disease, alcohol liver
ck-mb
creatine kinase in cardiac muscle cells
high=damage to heart muscle
troponin or ctnt
cardiac troponin
high=heart muscle damage or heart attack
troponin i or ctnl
high=damage to heart muscle cells leaking troponin in blood
what is the heart sound s1 related too?
due to blood turbulence associated with closure of the atrioventricular valves
what is the heart sound s2 related to?
associated with the closure of the semilunar valves and the end of systole
what does the term pulse refer to?
alternating surges of pressure, expansion then recoil
what is tachycardia?
heartrate over 100bpm
what is bradycardia?
heartrate under 60bpm
how to calculate the mean?
sum of all values/sample size
how to calculate median?
value above and below which half the values lie, if there are even number take the mean of of the 2 median values
how to calculate the mode?
most frequently occuring number
what is the systolic pressure?
pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction and ejection of blood
what is diastolic pressure?
pressure during ventricular relaxation
what is the pulse pressure?
difference between the systolic reading and the diastolic pressures and reflects the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole. this represents the actual working phase of the heart
what is primary hypertenion?
does not have a known cause
what is secondary hypertension?
has an underlying known cause
how to calculate max heart rate?
220 - your age
how to calculate target heart rate range?
65-85% of the maximum heart rate
how many minutes of exercise recommended a week
150 minutes
what effect should excericse have on bp?
should increase systolic value as heart is bringing in more blood
what does p wave represent?
atrial depolarization
what does the qrs wave represent?
ventricular depolarization
what does the t wave represent?
ventricular repolarization
how do you measure a ecg?
electrocardiogram is measured in mm by a ruler or on the computer
what can a lengthened p-r wave represent?
arythemia/ delay of sa and av node
what are cardiac stress tests?
hearts ability to respond to external stress in a controlled clinical environement
what is an excerise stress test? measure?
tests: excersising while bp/hr is measured on a treadmil or bike, 8-12 mins
measure: hr changes and patterns, mental state, bp
what is a nuclear imaging test?
look at heart muscle by binding chemicals, radioactive material
measures: how blood goes to heart at rest and during excersise.
what is pharmacologic dubutamine stress nuclear test?
a test using a small dose of radioactive solution to track blood flow to the heart muscle and evaluate the heart function while dubutamine is injected.
measures: coronary hart dieases and your risk of heart attack, any blockages to heart arteries and assesment of pumping function
what type of tissue lines respiraoty epithelium?
simple squamous
what are the four pairs of nasal sinuses?
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid
what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
lighten the skull weight, keep the passgaes moist from drying out
what is the function of the nasal chonchae?
create turbulence and increase surface area, rapid warming humidification
what bones are part of the bony part of the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate, ethmoid, vomer, and maxillary crest
what are the three components of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynpharynx
what does the nasopharynx consist of?
internal nares, pharyngeal tonsil, soft palate (forms the floor)
what does the auditory tube connect the nasopharynx to?
middle ear cavity
what does the oropharnnx consist of?
uvula, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, sublingual saliary glands, submandibular salivary glands, parotid salivery glands
what is the function of the uvula?
helps prevent food/liquad from going up nose when swallow
what does the laryngopharynx consist of?
esophagus, glottis, epiglottis
what is the glottis?
entrance to the trachea
what is the function of the epiglottis and what tissue forms it?
prevents food/drink from entering the wind pipe/cover glottis and elastic cartilage
what are the cartilages in the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage- hyaline c.t
epiglottis- elastic c.t
what are vocal folds?
true vocal cords, protect the airway and regulate flow of air and speech
what is the glotis?
entrance to the trachea
what are small bronchioles? which structrue branches from these?
terminal bronchioles and respiraoty bronchioles branch
what are respiratory bronchioles?
terminate in many alveolar ducts which lead to terminal clusters of alveoli, alveoli sacs
what is bronchoconstriction?
smooth muscle contraction of walls in bronchioles
makes it harder to breath as passge way become smaller
what type of tissue line the trachea?
psudeostratified ciliated columnar
what type of cartilage forms walls of the trachea?
hyaline
why only 2 lobes on the left side of the lung?
room for large left ventricle of heart
what structures are in the mediastinum?
heart, trachea, bronchi
what type of tissue line the alveoli?
simple squamous
what name is given to the muscles that move the tongue?
styloglossus muscle
what cartilages are evident in the larynx?
thyroid, cricoid, tracheal
what purpose do the tracheal cartilages serve?
support the trachea and prevent collapse
what is the function of the epiglottis?
prevent food from entering the trachea
does the esophagus lie anterior or posterior to the trachea?
posterior
what are the two serous membranes around the lungs?
parietal pleura- covers the cavity wall
visceral pleura- covers the organ in direct contact
what is serous fluid?
cells of serous membrane secrete serous fluid that keeps membranes moist and allows frictionless movment of organs within the cavities
does it take energy to fill the lungs?
yes muscle diaphram and intercoastals move as neg pressure fills the lung
what is the function of the diaphram?
chnage pressure in thoracic cavtiy to enlarge it
what type of tissue lines the trachea?
psuedostratified ciliated columnar
trachea bifurcates?
divides to become the right and left primary bronchi
what is tidal volume (tv)
amount of air exhnaged with single breath, resting condition
what is inspiratory reserve volume? irv
additional air that can be inhaled over or above tidal volume
what is expiratory reserve volume? erv
aditional air exhaled after normal resp cycle
residual vomume? rv
amount of air remianing in lungs after maximum exhalation
what is vital capitcy? vc
max amount of air moved in and out of lungs with single resp cycle
what is total lung capcity?
total volume of the lungs
what is the FEV1 a measure of?
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
volume of air that can be frocefully exhaled in 2 seconds
how do you calculate minute respiraoty volume? mrv
mulitply average tv by average vr ventilation rate
why does cardiovascular activity not influence vital capactiy?
main dterminent is body size larger people have bigger lungs
dont grow lungs with excerise
how do you calculate FEV%
take FEV1/FCV
what term is given to the air remaining in lungs after echaltion
resiudal volume
what is dead air space or anatomic dead space refer to?
air unavailable for gas exchange
important factors for VC
age- expansion/elastic recoil decrese with age and muscle loss
size- bigger lung
sex- males tend to be larger and have biger lungs
what is restrictive pulmonary disease
lung disease that prevents lungs from expanding
both VC and FEV decrease
what is obstructive pulmonary disease?
difficulty exhaling airway obstruction inflammation asthma copd cf is loss of elastic recoil and alveolar expansion
