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lab exam Flashcards

1
Q

function of an erytrocyte?

A

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

function of a neutrophil?

A

kills bacteria by phagocytosis and respiratory burst, englufs damaged or dying cells

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3
Q

function of an lymphocyte?

A

produces a specific immune responce by direct cell attack or via antibodies

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4
Q

function of a monocyte?

A

develops into phagocytic macrophage and triggers specific defenses by presenting antigen to T cells

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5
Q

what is an eiosinophil?

A

releases enzymes to destroy parasites, decreases allergic responce by engulfing antibody labelled materials

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6
Q

what is a basophil?

A

releases histamine to trigger inflammatory responce involved in allergic reactions

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7
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A

forms plug to seal small tears in blood vessels, releases chemicals that stimulate blood clotting

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8
Q

what are major components of plasma?

A

90% water or solvent
8% proteins
nutrients gases wastes hormones ions

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9
Q

what are the three primary classes of proteins where are they produced?

A

albumin, globulin and clotting factors and all are produced in the liver

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10
Q

neutrophils normal range for a differential count? plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur

A

50 -70%
increased- acute bacterial infection, myelocyticleukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, stress
decreased- aplastic+ pernicals anemia, viral infection, radiation treatment, some medications

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11
Q

lymphocyte normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur

A

20-30%
increased- lymphatic leukemia, infectious mononucleiosis, viral infections
decreased- radiation therapy, aids, corticosteroid therapy

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12
Q

monocyte normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur

A

2-8%
increased- chronic inflammation, viral infections, tuberculosis
decreased- aplastic anemia, corticosteriod therapy

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13
Q

eosinophils normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur

A

2-4%
increased- allergies, parasitic infections, auto-immune disorders
decreased- steroid therapy

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14
Q

basophils eosinophils normal range for a differnetial count. plus increased/decreased levels and why they occur

A

0.5-1%
increased- inflammatory process, during healing
decreased- hypersenitivity reactions

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15
Q

what is leukemia?

A

incontrollable leukopoiesis/ cancer of red bone marrow

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16
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

high white blood cell count

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17
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

low white blood cell count

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18
Q

what is leukopoiesis?

A

formation of white blood cells/ leukocytes

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19
Q

what is the buffy coat?

A

white blood cells and platelets at the interface between rbc and plasma

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20
Q

how do you calculate hct?

A

height of rbc column/total height of blood column x100

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21
Q

how do you calculate mcv?

A

hct/rbc count x10

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22
Q

how do you calculate mch?

A

hb/rbc count x10

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23
Q

normal range for hb, hct, mcv, mch?

A

hb 14-18g/dl
hct- 42-52%
mcv-82-92um
mch- 27-31pg

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24
Q

what is a microcyte?

A

a smaller than usual rbc associated with certain anemias

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25
what is a marcocyte?
rbc that are larger then normal
26
what is hyperchromic?
higher amount of hemoglobin
27
what is hypochromic?
rbc have less colour than usual means lower amount of hemoglobin
28
where do the coronary arteries originate from?
the aorta
29
coronary sinus delivers oxygenated blood to the...
right atrium
30
what is CAD?
coronary artery disease plaque buildup in the walls of the coronary system
31
what is coronary ischemia and what causes it?
blood flow to heart muscle is obstructed by blockage of coronary arteries from buildup of plaque so it has less oxygen at cardiomyocytes die =muscle
32
what is a myocardial infarction?
lack of blood flow meaning low amount of oxygen to myocardium and blood flow is blocked = portion of myocardiocytes die
33
what is a CABG?
coronary artery bypass graft surgical treatment to treat coronary heart disease diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts to improve blood flow and oxygen
34
what two arteries does brain receive blood from?
vertebral arteries and common carotid arteries
35
what do the vertebral arteries pass through?
transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae
36
what is CVA?
cerebral vascular accident or a stroke
37
3 possible symptoms of a stroke
slurred speech droppy face numbness and weakness of right side confusion
38
why is middle cerebral artery common site for CVA?
large vessel and embolism often come up it as it is a common place for clots
39
a cva involving the left branch of the artery will cause?
right sided weakness and motor skill loss as that area of brain is contralateral
40
what is hemmorrhagic stroke?
open bleed in brain from ruptered blood vessel due to aneriusm
41
what is a thrombotic stroke?
blockage preventing blood flow
42
WBC test
white blood cells leukopenia= low leukocytosis= high
43
RBC test
red blood cells high=low oxygen levels low=anemia
44
Hb/ hgb
hemoglobin content of blood high=polycythemia low=anemia
45
Hct
hematocrit levels = percent volume taken upby red blood cells high=macrocytic low=microcytic
46
mcv
average size of erythrocytes low- hypochromic high= hyperchromic
47
platelet count
thrombocytes high=thrombocytosis low=thrombocytopenia
48
crp
c reactive protein in liver high=risk of heart diease
49
pt
prothrombin time =time for thrombin to clot high=clot is formed slowly
50
ldh
lactate dehydrogenase high=hemolytic anemia low= not harmful
51
cpk
creatine phosphkinate muscle enzyme high=stress of injury low= c.t disease, alcohol liver
52
ck-mb
creatine kinase in cardiac muscle cells high=damage to heart muscle
53
troponin or ctnt
cardiac troponin high=heart muscle damage or heart attack
54
troponin i or ctnl
high=damage to heart muscle cells leaking troponin in blood
55
what is the heart sound s1 related too?
due to blood turbulence associated with closure of the atrioventricular valves
56
what is the heart sound s2 related to?
associated with the closure of the semilunar valves and the end of systole
57
what does the term pulse refer to?
alternating surges of pressure, expansion then recoil
58
what is tachycardia?
heartrate over 100bpm
59
what is bradycardia?
heartrate under 60bpm
60
how to calculate the mean?
sum of all values/sample size
61
how to calculate median?
value above and below which half the values lie, if there are even number take the mean of of the 2 median values
62
how to calculate the mode?
most frequently occuring number
63
what is the systolic pressure?
pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction and ejection of blood
64
what is diastolic pressure?
pressure during ventricular relaxation
65
what is the pulse pressure?
difference between the systolic reading and the diastolic pressures and reflects the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole. this represents the actual working phase of the heart
66
what is primary hypertenion?
does not have a known cause
67
what is secondary hypertension?
has an underlying known cause
68
how to calculate max heart rate?
220 - your age
69
how to calculate target heart rate range?
65-85% of the maximum heart rate
70
how many minutes of exercise recommended a week
150 minutes
71
what effect should excericse have on bp?
should increase systolic value as heart is bringing in more blood
72
what does p wave represent?
atrial depolarization
73
what does the qrs wave represent?
ventricular depolarization
74
what does the t wave represent?
ventricular repolarization
75
how do you measure a ecg?
electrocardiogram is measured in mm by a ruler or on the computer
76
what can a lengthened p-r wave represent?
arythemia/ delay of sa and av node
77
what are cardiac stress tests?
hearts ability to respond to external stress in a controlled clinical environement
78
what is an excerise stress test? measure?
tests: excersising while bp/hr is measured on a treadmil or bike, 8-12 mins measure: hr changes and patterns, mental state, bp
79
what is a nuclear imaging test?
look at heart muscle by binding chemicals, radioactive material measures: how blood goes to heart at rest and during excersise.
80
what is pharmacologic dubutamine stress nuclear test?
a test using a small dose of radioactive solution to track blood flow to the heart muscle and evaluate the heart function while dubutamine is injected. measures: coronary hart dieases and your risk of heart attack, any blockages to heart arteries and assesment of pumping function
81
what type of tissue lines respiraoty epithelium?
simple squamous
82
what are the four pairs of nasal sinuses?
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid
83
what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
lighten the skull weight, keep the passgaes moist from drying out
84
what is the function of the nasal chonchae?
create turbulence and increase surface area, rapid warming humidification
85
what bones are part of the bony part of the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate, ethmoid, vomer, and maxillary crest
86
what are the three components of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynpharynx
87
what does the nasopharynx consist of?
internal nares, pharyngeal tonsil, soft palate (forms the floor)
88
what does the auditory tube connect the nasopharynx to?
middle ear cavity
89
what does the oropharnnx consist of?
uvula, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, sublingual saliary glands, submandibular salivary glands, parotid salivery glands
90
what is the function of the uvula?
helps prevent food/liquad from going up nose when swallow
91
what does the laryngopharynx consist of?
esophagus, glottis, epiglottis
92
what is the glottis?
entrance to the trachea
93
what is the function of the epiglottis and what tissue forms it?
prevents food/drink from entering the wind pipe/cover glottis and elastic cartilage
94
what are the cartilages in the larynx?
thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage- hyaline c.t epiglottis- elastic c.t
95
what are vocal folds?
true vocal cords, protect the airway and regulate flow of air and speech
96
what is the glotis?
entrance to the trachea
97
what are small bronchioles? which structrue branches from these?
terminal bronchioles and respiraoty bronchioles branch
98
what are respiratory bronchioles?
terminate in many alveolar ducts which lead to terminal clusters of alveoli, alveoli sacs
99
what is bronchoconstriction?
smooth muscle contraction of walls in bronchioles makes it harder to breath as passge way become smaller
100
what type of tissue line the trachea?
psudeostratified ciliated columnar
101
what type of cartilage forms walls of the trachea?
hyaline
102
why only 2 lobes on the left side of the lung?
room for large left ventricle of heart
103
what structures are in the mediastinum?
heart, trachea, bronchi
104
what type of tissue line the alveoli?
simple squamous
105
what name is given to the muscles that move the tongue?
styloglossus muscle
106
what cartilages are evident in the larynx?
thyroid, cricoid, tracheal
107
what purpose do the tracheal cartilages serve?
support the trachea and prevent collapse
108
what is the function of the epiglottis?
prevent food from entering the trachea
109
does the esophagus lie anterior or posterior to the trachea?
posterior
110
what are the two serous membranes around the lungs?
parietal pleura- covers the cavity wall visceral pleura- covers the organ in direct contact
111
what is serous fluid?
cells of serous membrane secrete serous fluid that keeps membranes moist and allows frictionless movment of organs within the cavities
112
does it take energy to fill the lungs?
yes muscle diaphram and intercoastals move as neg pressure fills the lung
113
what is the function of the diaphram?
chnage pressure in thoracic cavtiy to enlarge it
114
what type of tissue lines the trachea?
psuedostratified ciliated columnar
115
trachea bifurcates?
divides to become the right and left primary bronchi
116
what is tidal volume (tv)
amount of air exhnaged with single breath, resting condition
117
what is inspiratory reserve volume? irv
additional air that can be inhaled over or above tidal volume
118
what is expiratory reserve volume? erv
aditional air exhaled after normal resp cycle
119
residual vomume? rv
amount of air remianing in lungs after maximum exhalation
120
what is vital capitcy? vc
max amount of air moved in and out of lungs with single resp cycle
121
what is total lung capcity?
total volume of the lungs
122
what is the FEV1 a measure of?
forced expiratory volume in 1 second volume of air that can be frocefully exhaled in 2 seconds
123
how do you calculate minute respiraoty volume? mrv
mulitply average tv by average vr ventilation rate
124
why does cardiovascular activity not influence vital capactiy?
main dterminent is body size larger people have bigger lungs dont grow lungs with excerise
125
how do you calculate FEV%
take FEV1/FCV
126
what term is given to the air remaining in lungs after echaltion
resiudal volume
127
what is dead air space or anatomic dead space refer to?
air unavailable for gas exchange
128
important factors for VC
age- expansion/elastic recoil decrese with age and muscle loss size- bigger lung sex- males tend to be larger and have biger lungs
129
what is restrictive pulmonary disease
lung disease that prevents lungs from expanding both VC and FEV decrease
130
what is obstructive pulmonary disease?
difficulty exhaling airway obstruction inflammation asthma copd cf is loss of elastic recoil and alveolar expansion

biology 152 (28 decks)

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