Nervous system: sensory function vision and olfaction Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 special senses?

A
  1. olfaction
  2. gustation (taste)
  3. vision
  4. hearing
  5. equilibrium
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2
Q

where are the olfactory neurons located?

A

offactory epithelium = roof of nasal cavity

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3
Q

what happens when you sniff?

A

swirling air currents created by nasal conchae of ethmoid bone when you sniff

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4
Q

what layer do odor molecules dissolve?

A

mucus layer

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5
Q

what do the odor molecules bind to?

A

bind to chemoreceptors on cillia of olfactory neurons which leads to depolarization

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6
Q

what happens after depolarization of odor molecules?

A

mitral cells integrate input and convey to olfactory nerve which leads to temporal lobe, frontal lobe, amygdala, and hypothalamus

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7
Q

what membrane covers the inner surface of the eyelid and outer surface of the eye

A

mucous membrane the conjunctiva which protects/moistens

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8
Q

what does the fibrous tunic consist of?

A

sclera=white of eye
cornea= transparent covering continuous with sclera which bends light rays
cornea is avascular and is easily transplanted

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9
Q

what is the vascular tunic (uvea)consist of?

A

choroid= contains extensive capillary network
isis= pigmented c.t smooth muscle here constricts/dilates pupil
ciliary body= ring of smooth muscle anchored to lens by suspensory ligaments

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10
Q

functions of ciliary body?

A

changes shape of lens to focus: lens become more rounded when ciliary muscle contracts: secretes aqueous humor

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11
Q

what does the neural tunic consist of?

A

retina= contains bipolar sensory
photoreceptors= rods+cones
Macula= highest concentration of cones
fovea= area within macula where vision is sharpest images are focused here when you directly look at an object
optic disc= blind spot where optic nerve emerges has no photoreceptors

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12
Q

what are the two cavities of the eye?

A

anterior cavity and posterior cavity

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13
Q

what does the anterior chamber consist of?

A

anterior chamber and posterior chamber
aqueous humor

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14
Q

what is aqueous humor?

A

secreted by ciliary body and is recycled into blood via scleral venous sinus

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15
Q

what does the posterior cavity consist of?

A

vitreous humor/body which is gelatinous which stabilizes the eye shape and supports the retina

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16
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

to focus an image on the retina

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17
Q

how does the lens focus the image on the retina?

A

accommodation (changing the shape off the lens by contraction of smooth muscle in ciliary body )
lens made of special fibres called lens fibres

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18
Q

how does the shape of the eye corelate to how we see?

A

lens becomes more rounded to focus on near objects
lens is convev in shape bends the light rays to converge at focal point (focuses image on retina)

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19
Q

what do lens fibres contain?

A

transparent proteins called crystallins

20
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

bend light rays to focus image on retina

21
Q

what does the anterior cavity contain?

A

fluid called aqueous humor

22
Q

what is the suspensory ligaments?

A

attaches ciliary muscles to the lens

23
Q

what is the iris

A

contains melanin which is coloured part of eye

24
Q

what is the posterior cavity?

A

contains jelly-like vitreous body

25
Q

what is the ciliary body?

A

smooth muscles here contracts to make lens more rounded

26
Q

what is the cornea?

A

transparent part of the fibrous tunic

27
Q

what is the sclera?

A

white part of the eye

28
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

part of the retina which contains no photoreceptors

29
Q

what is the retina?

A

contains photoreceptors rods and cones and sensory neurons

30
Q

what is the fovea?

A

highest concentration of cones in the eye

31
Q

what are the extraocular muscles?

A

moves the eye in the orbit of the skull

32
Q

what is the choroid?

A

part of vascular tunic that supplies retina with oxygen and nutrients

33
Q

where are photoreceptors found?

A

rods and cones

34
Q

what types of light detection do rods and cones let in?

A

rods= dim light
cones= bright light and colours

35
Q

how do cones respond differently?

A

respond to different wavelengths and colours of light
blue cones
red cones
and green cones

36
Q

where are cones concentrated?

A

fovea which lies in neural tunic

37
Q

how does the fovea help us see?

A

when you look directly at something it is projected onto the fovea and you see colours and detail most clearly

38
Q

what do rods and cones contain?

A

photopigments

39
Q

what are photopigments?

A

pigments in photoreceptors that absorb light energy

40
Q

what are the two photopigments?

A

rhodopsin= in rods
iodpsin= in cones

41
Q

what does rhodopsin contain?

A

contains protein apsin and molecule retinal made from vitamin A

42
Q

what does retinol do?

A

absorbs light energy and changes shape from cis-retinal to trans-retinal

43
Q

what does opsin do?

A

activates a g protein transducen

44
Q

what does the activated transducen activate?

A

activates a second messenger which causes na channels to close stopping the release of the neurotransmitter

45
Q

what do the photoreceptors synapse with?

A

synpase with bipolar sensory neuron in the retina

46
Q

what is the neurotransmitter at synapse?

A

it is glutamate and it is inhibitory