blood/hematology Flashcards
how many litres of blood in the body
4-5L in the body
what are the cardiovascular systems function?
-transports water, nutrients, hormones, gases and waste
-assists in temperature and PH regulation
-defends against disease
what is the special connective tissue the system is made of?
vascular tissue which consists of cells(formed elements) and a fluid matrix (plasma)
what does plasma consist of?
90 percent solvent and 8 percent proteins
what are the main 3 proteins that plasma has?
albumin- 60% exerts osmotic pressure, transports, and maintains pH
globulins- 36% lipoproteins (lipid transport) which forms antibodies
clotting factors- 4% ex fibrinogen
what are other proteins plasma has?
nutrients- amino acids, fatty acids, glucose
ions- electrolytes
gases- CO2
wastes- uric acid, creatine
hormones
what are the three types of blood cells?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
what are erythrocyte’s function and pigment/shape/size/quanity special features?
function- transport oxygen
red pigment in hemoglobin which binds 02
small 6-8um lack a nucleus
most numerous 5 million cells
shape- biconcave
three functions to the erythrocytes shape?
- large surface area for gas exchange
2.can forms stacks which allows for smooth flow through capillaries - flexibility which can bend to move through small vessels easier
leukocytes function/size/special features
function: immune function to protect from pathogens
disposal of dead/deceased/ old cells
large 10-30 um nucleated cells
where can leukocytes travel too?
some can leave blood and travel to other days such as connective tissue
what are the 5 types of leukocytes?
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
never let monkeys eat bananas
from most to least common
what are the three leukocytes that are considered granulocytes? contain granules
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophil
what is a neutrophil? function
50-70% of WBC’s
-secrete cytotoxic granules that kill bacteria
-secrete chemicals prostaglandins and leukotrienes that mobilize immune defense mechanisms/trigger inflammation
-neutrophil numbers are elevated with bacterial infections
-phagocytize eat bacteria and form bacterial infection
what are eosinophils? function
2-4% of WBC
- secrete enzymes that kill parasites
- phagocytize antigen-antiobody complexes
-release anti-inflammatory chemicals
- elevated with certain parasitic infections and allergies
what are basophils? function
under 1% of WBC
- secrete inflammatory chemicals ex histamines
-secrete and anticoagulant ex heparin
-elevated with inflammation/allergies
what are the two leukocytes that are considered aranulocytes? no granules
lymphocytes and monocytes
what are lymphocytes? TWO TYPES? function?
20-30% of WBC
-T cells mature in the thymus
-B cells which mature in bone marrow
function: involved in specific defense (recognize specific antigens produce antibodies that target specific pathogens)
- elevated with viral infections
what are monocytes? function?
4-8% of WBC
-large aggressive phagocytes
-can become macrophages which patrol connective tissue
- elevated with longer term/widespread infection/tissue damage
what are platelets?
thrombocytes
-cells fragments under 3um
-numerous -350 000
-initiate coagulation clotting and ploy tears in blood vessels
what is hematopoiesis?
is the formation of blood cells which occurs in red bone marrow
- hemocytoblast differation into all formed elements
what is leukopoiesis?
formation of leukocytes
- regulated by cytokines (cell signaling molecules) called CSFS
-numbers of WBC vary and are produced in response to immune system requirements
what is leukemia?
unconrtollable leukoposiesis
what is thrombocytopoiesis?
formation of thrombocytes aka platelets
what hormone regulates thrombocytopoiesis? where is it produced?
regulated by the hormone thrombopoietin TPO and produced in the kidneys
how do the platelets form in thrombocytopoiesis?
by fragmentation of large blast cells
how many platelets does a single megakaryocyte yield in thrombocytopoiesis?
4000 platelets
what is erythropoiesis?
formation of erythrocytes of RBC
how long does red blood cell synthesis take and how many rbc does it make?
takes approx 3-5 days and makes approx 2 million RBC’s a second so 15ml of blood a day
what hormone enhances RBC production?
testosterone so males have more RBC’s
what mineral does erythropoiesis require to make O2 carrying pigment hemoglobin?
requires the mineral Fe or Iron
what is hemoglobin composed of?
-tetramer of 4 globin protein (2 alpha globin + beta globins)
what does each heme contain?
each heme contains a single Fe which lies in the porphyrin ring
what does the iron bind to in hemoglobin?
each iron can bind a single 02 oxyhemoglobin
what else can globins bind too?
C02 carbaminahemoglobin
what hormone increases RBC synthesis from lack of 02?
erythroprotein EPO
what is EPO secreted by and why?
secreted by the kidneys in responce to hypoxia which is a lack of 02
what happens to RBC as they age?
RBC’s become less flexible and more fragile and have reduced o2 carrying capacity and hemolysis
how long is a RBC life span?
120 days and liver and spleen trap old RBC
what part of body phagocytize RBC’s?
the macrophages within the spleen and liver
what part of erythrocytes are recycled after the die?
hemoglobin components
