blood/hematology

Question 1

how many litres of blood in the body

Answer 1

4-5L in the body

Question 2

what are the cardiovascular systems function?

Answer 2

-transports water, nutrients, hormones, gases and waste
-assists in temperature and PH regulation
-defends against disease

Question 3

what is the special connective tissue the system is made of?

Answer 3

vascular tissue which consists of cells(formed elements) and a fluid matrix (plasma)

Question 4

what does plasma consist of?

Answer 4

90 percent solvent and 8 percent proteins

Question 5

what are the main 3 proteins that plasma has?

Answer 5

albumin- 60% exerts osmotic pressure, transports, and maintains pH
globulins- 36% lipoproteins (lipid transport) which forms antibodies
clotting factors- 4% ex fibrinogen

Question 6

what are other proteins plasma has?

Answer 6

nutrients- amino acids, fatty acids, glucose
ions- electrolytes
gases- CO2
wastes- uric acid, creatine
hormones

Question 7

what are the three types of blood cells?

Answer 7

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 8

what are erythrocyte’s function and pigment/shape/size/quanity special features?

Answer 8

function- transport oxygen
red pigment in hemoglobin which binds 02
small 6-8um lack a nucleus
most numerous 5 million cells
shape- biconcave

Question 9

three functions to the erythrocytes shape?

Answer 9

1. large surface area for gas exchange
   2.can forms stacks which allows for smooth flow through capillaries
2. flexibility which can bend to move through small vessels easier

Question 10

leukocytes function/size/special features

Answer 10

function: immune function to protect from pathogens
disposal of dead/deceased/ old cells
large 10-30 um nucleated cells

Question 11

where can leukocytes travel too?

Answer 11

some can leave blood and travel to other days such as connective tissue

Question 12

what are the 5 types of leukocytes?

Answer 12

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
never let monkeys eat bananas
from most to least common

Question 13

what are the three leukocytes that are considered granulocytes? contain granules

Answer 13

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophil

Question 14

what is a neutrophil? function

Answer 14

50-70% of WBC’s
-secrete cytotoxic granules that kill bacteria
-secrete chemicals prostaglandins and leukotrienes that mobilize immune defense mechanisms/trigger inflammation
-neutrophil numbers are elevated with bacterial infections
-phagocytize eat bacteria and form bacterial infection

Question 15

what are eosinophils? function

Answer 15

2-4% of WBC
- secrete enzymes that kill parasites
- phagocytize antigen-antiobody complexes
-release anti-inflammatory chemicals
- elevated with certain parasitic infections and allergies

Question 16

what are basophils? function

Answer 16

under 1% of WBC
- secrete inflammatory chemicals ex histamines
-secrete and anticoagulant ex heparin
-elevated with inflammation/allergies

Question 17

what are the two leukocytes that are considered aranulocytes? no granules

Answer 17

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 18

what are lymphocytes? TWO TYPES? function?

Answer 18

20-30% of WBC
-T cells mature in the thymus
-B cells which mature in bone marrow
function: involved in specific defense (recognize specific antigens produce antibodies that target specific pathogens)
- elevated with viral infections

Question 19

what are monocytes? function?

Answer 19

4-8% of WBC
-large aggressive phagocytes
-can become macrophages which patrol connective tissue
- elevated with longer term/widespread infection/tissue damage

Question 20

what are platelets?

Answer 20

thrombocytes
-cells fragments under 3um
-numerous -350 000
-initiate coagulation clotting and ploy tears in blood vessels

Question 21

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 21

is the formation of blood cells which occurs in red bone marrow
- hemocytoblast differation into all formed elements

Question 22

what is leukopoiesis?

Answer 22

formation of leukocytes
- regulated by cytokines (cell signaling molecules) called CSFS
-numbers of WBC vary and are produced in response to immune system requirements

Question 23

what is leukemia?

Answer 23

unconrtollable leukoposiesis

Question 24

what is thrombocytopoiesis?

Answer 24

formation of thrombocytes aka platelets

Question 25

what hormone regulates thrombocytopoiesis? where is it produced?

Answer 25

regulated by the hormone thrombopoietin TPO and produced in the kidneys

Question 26

how do the platelets form in thrombocytopoiesis?

Answer 26

by fragmentation of large blast cells

Question 27

how many platelets does a single megakaryocyte yield in thrombocytopoiesis?

Answer 27

4000 platelets

Question 28

what is erythropoiesis?

Answer 28

formation of erythrocytes of RBC

Question 29

how long does red blood cell synthesis take and how many rbc does it make?

Answer 29

takes approx 3-5 days and makes approx 2 million RBC’s a second so 15ml of blood a day

Question 30

what hormone enhances RBC production?

Answer 30

testosterone so males have more RBC’s

Question 31

what mineral does erythropoiesis require to make O2 carrying pigment hemoglobin?

Answer 31

requires the mineral Fe or Iron

Question 32

what is hemoglobin composed of?

Answer 32

-tetramer of 4 globin protein (2 alpha globin + beta globins)

Question 33

what does each heme contain?

Answer 33

each heme contains a single Fe which lies in the porphyrin ring

Question 34

what does the iron bind to in hemoglobin?

Answer 34

each iron can bind a single 02 oxyhemoglobin

Question 35

what else can globins bind too?

Answer 35

C02 carbaminahemoglobin

Question 36

what hormone increases RBC synthesis from lack of 02?

Answer 36

erythroprotein EPO

Question 37

what is EPO secreted by and why?

Answer 37

secreted by the kidneys in responce to hypoxia which is a lack of 02

Question 38

what happens to RBC as they age?

Answer 38

RBC’s become less flexible and more fragile and have reduced o2 carrying capacity and hemolysis

Question 39

how long is a RBC life span?

Answer 39

120 days and liver and spleen trap old RBC

Question 40

what part of body phagocytize RBC’s?

Answer 40

the macrophages within the spleen and liver

Question 41

what part of erythrocytes are recycled after the die?

Answer 41

hemoglobin components