Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal System

A

support, protection, production of erythrocytes and immune cells, storage of minerals, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does dermal bone develop?

A

within dermis, formed vis intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does endochondral bone develop?

A

within hyaline cartilage precursor model, formed via endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where did the first bone originate and evolve from?

A

dermal armor of ostracoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the process of intramembranous ossification

A

osteoprogenitor cells accumulate within the dermis, become osteoblasts, and produce osteoid which is enriched with calcium and salts to form trabeculae, osteoblasts “trapped” in the new bone become osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the process of endochondral ossification

A

bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model, hyaline cartilage within the bone model forms cavity, internal cavities invaded by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation, medullary cavity forms as ossification continues, ossification epiphysis when completed, hyaline cartilage only remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

vascularized connective tissue covering of bones which connects to tendons and ligaments and anchors blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what increases the girth of long bones?

A

bone deposition under the periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: In mammals, epiphyseal plates ossify

A

False, remain cartilaginous to allow for bone lengthening until adult.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Epiphyseal plates remain cartilaginous to allow for bone lengthening until adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

Bones continue to grow throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the synovial cavity?

A

space between bones filled with synovial fluid for cushioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of joint?

A

Diathrosis, and Synarthrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are diarthrosis joints?

A

most common, moveable type of joint, between bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are synarthrosis joints?

A

joints with limited movement but room for growth, sutures where 2 dermal bones articulate (skull, shell of turtles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the articular capsule?

A

fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounding joints, unites articulating bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

ends of bones of joint-covered hyaline cartilage absorb shock and reduce friction during movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the bursa?

A

fluid-filled sac filled with synovial fluid produced by synovial membrane, provides cushion reduces friction

21
Q

What is chondrocranium?

A

endochondral bone mostly derived from mesoderm
supports brain and sense organs, envelops brain in chondrichthyans

22
Q

What is Splanchocranium

A

endochondral bone derived from the neural crest forms pharyngeal arches derivates

23
Q

what is chondrocranium in vertebrates other than chodnricthyans?

A

endochondral bone

24
Q

where does cartilage form during development?

A

under brain and next to notochord

25
Q

Trabeculae form and develop into the __________

A

ethmoid plate (nerual crest origin)

26
Q

parachordal(cartilaginous rods) from and develop into the __________

A

Basal plate (part of the sphenoid bone)

27
Q

what do the sensory capsules include?

A

nasal, optic, and otic

28
Q

T/F: in chondrichthyans, the chondrocranium envelops the entire brain and ossifies

A

False, does not ossify

29
Q

T/F: The chondrocranium is reduced to the floor of the skull in most vertebrates, supporting the brain

A

true

30
Q

What is the splanchnocranium in vertebrates other than chondrichthyans?

A

endochondral bone

31
Q

in gnathostomes, the splanchnocranium is made up of _____ and functions in _________

A

pharyngeal arches that support gills and contribute to jaw formation

32
Q

In gnathostomes, the 7 pharyngeal arches are modified to form

A

mandibular arch (1st), hyoid arch (2nd), branchial arches (3rd-7th)

33
Q

what is the spiracle?

A

modified pharyngeal slit between the mandibular and hyoid arches

34
Q

what are the 4 pairs of cartilage elements that each branchial arch consists of and what are they united by?

A

pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, united by single basibranchial cartilage

35
Q

What are the homologies of the hyomandibular cartilage?

A

hyomandibula in bony fishes
columella/stapes in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

36
Q

What are the homologies of the quadrate process of the palatoquadrate?

A

quadrate in bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds
incus in mammals

37
Q

What are the homologies of the meckels cartilage?

A

articular in bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds
malleus in mammals

38
Q

What are the homologies of portions of ceratohyal, basihyal, and branchial arches I and II?

A

pharyngeal arches III and IV in sharks and bony fishes
hyoid in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

39
Q

What are the homologies of portions of ceratohyal, basihyal, and branchial arches II and III?

A

pharyngeal arches IV and V in bony fishes and sharks
cartilaginous elements of larynx in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

40
Q

What are the homologies of portions of branchial arches IV and V?

A

pharyngeal arches Vi, VIII in sharks and bony fishes
not present in amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds

41
Q

What are the homologies of the palatoquadrate palatal region?

A

epipterygoid in bony fishes, reptiles, birds, and amphibians
alisphenoid (greater wing of sphenoid) in mammals

42
Q

What is the dermal bone facial series?

A

facial series forms snout and encircles nares, includes maxilla, premaxilla, and nasals

43
Q

What is the dermal orbital series?

A

encircles eyes and defines orbit, includes lacrimal, postorbital, and jugal (zygomatic in mammals)

44
Q

What is the dermal bone temporal series?

A

behind orbit and forms lateral aspect of braincase, includes temporal bones, quadratojugal, and squamosal

45
Q

T/F: temporal bone is a composite bone

A

true

46
Q

petrous region and mastoid (chondrocranium), ear ossicles and styoid (splanchnocranium), and squamosal region and tympanic region (dermatocranium) are all fused into __________ bone in humans

A

Temporal bone

47
Q

what is the dermal vault series?

A

roof of skull includes frontal, parietal, postparietal (lost in mammals)

48
Q

what is the dermal palatal series?

A

roof of oral cavity includes pterygoids, vomer, palatine, parasphenoid
all may be dentigerous

Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions