Digestive Systems 1 - Final Exam Flashcards
what is the function of the digestive tract?
digestion/absorption of food and elimination of residual waste
What is a cloacal opening?
common opening for intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts in some fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and monotremes
Explain the tunicate digestive system
suspension feeders, food drawn into incurrent siphon via pharyngeal cilia, food by the endostyle which produced mucus, food passed to the stomach with digestive enzymes, nutrients are absorbed into the intestine and waste is eliminated via anus and excurrent siphon
Explain the amphioxus digestive system
oral cirri for sensory and filter function, water and food drawn into mouth via ciliated wheel organ, passed through velum to pharynx, water leaves through slits (through atrium and out atriopore), mucus from endostyle and Hatschek’s pit traps the food, food passed through epibranchial groove to midgut where the midgut diverticulum secretes enzymes and digestion takes place at the iliocolonic ring. Intestine absorbs nutrients, waste expelled through anus
Explain the Hagfish digestive system
rasping tongue with 4 pairs of keratinized teeth surrounding jawless mouth, tears flesh using knots, food is passed to pharynx and intestine for absorption, waste expelled through the anus
Explain the ammocete digestive system
muscular pharynx draws in water and food, mucus from subpharyngeal gland traps food, moves to esophagus and into intestine, waste expelled through anus
Explain the Lamprey digestive system
vacuum created as pharyngeal muscles expel water through gill slits, velum seals off buccal cavity creating low pressure, uses tongue to cut away tissue
in fishes, the mouth opens into the _______________________
oropharyngeal cavity
in tetrapods, the mouth opens into the ________________ which then leads to a separate _______________ region
oral cavity, pharyngeal
__________________ arch marks border between the ___________ and __________
palatoglossal, oral cavity, Pharynx
T/F: lips are usually pliable in mammals for suckling
true
What is the primary palate?
roof of oropharyngeal cavity in fishes and oral cavity in amphibians formed by ventral skull bones
in amphibians and reptiles, nasal passages from external nares reach mouth via the _______________ (choanae)
internal nares
in reptiles and mammals, ______________ grow the midline forming a secondary palate
palatal folds
What is the function of the secondary palate?
separates the nasal passages from the mouth, complete in crocodiles and mammals, incomplete in most reptiles forming palatal fissure
in mammals, the secondary palate has a fleshy soft palate, what is the function of this?
allows breathing to continue during suckling and masticating food
What is the function of the tongue?
capturing food, taste, manipulate food, swallowing, thermoregulation, grooming, speech
Explain the structure of the tongue in fishes
crescentic floor elevation produced by basihyal and ceratohyal, non-muscular, contains taste buds and may have denticles (hold prey), primary tongue (copula)
Explain the structure of the tongue in tetrapods
mobile, hypobranchial musculature attached to hyoid apparatus, mandible, styloid process of temporal bone
The posterior region of the tetrapod tongue is homologous with ________
primary tongue of fishes
the tetrapod tongue anterior region includes a ________________ (medial lingual swelling) and _______________________
glandular field, lateral lingual swellings
Explain the structure of the frog tongue
long adhesive tongue folded in mouth, anchored to mandibular symphysis, projected by contraction of genioglossus, returned by contraction of hypoglossus
Explain the structure of the wood pecker tongue
entoglossus loops around skull, under scalp to the lore and into the right nasal passage. geniohyoid muscle shoots tongue by striaghtening hyoid (elastic recoil returns tongue)
describe the structure of the tongue in turtles, crocs, and baleen whales
tongue largely immobilized on floor of oral cavity
describe the structure of the tongue of lizards and snakes
tongue often long, forked, project tongue to retrieve chemicals for vomeronasal organ
describe the structure of the tongue in mammals
tongue attached to oral cavity via frenulum but can be extended out of cavity, used for thermoregulation, often with filiform papillae, tongue mucosa contain taste and mechanoreceptors
In some snakes, lizards and mammals, oral glands are modified to do what?
produce hemolytic and neurotoxic venom
The embryo foregut gives rise to ………What is the arterial supply?
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
artery: celiac trunk
The embryo midgut gives rise to ……….What is the arterial supply?
distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
artery: branches of superior mesenteric
The embryo hindgut gives rise to ……………….. What is the arterial supply?
distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, proximal part of anal canal
artery: branches of inferior mesenteric
what is the nasopharynx used for in mammals?
used in respiration
what is the oropharynx used for in mammals?
used in digestion
what is the laryngopharynx used for in mammals?
used in speech and respiration.
In mammals, oral cavity leads to oropharynx through the __________________
isthmus of the fauces
