Digestive Systems 1 - Final Exam

Question 1

what is the function of the digestive tract?

Answer 1

digestion/absorption of food and elimination of residual waste

Question 2

What is a cloacal opening?

Answer 2

common opening for intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts in some fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and monotremes

Question 3

Explain the tunicate digestive system

Answer 3

suspension feeders, food drawn into incurrent siphon via pharyngeal cilia, food by the endostyle which produced mucus, food passed to the stomach with digestive enzymes, nutrients are absorbed into the intestine and waste is eliminated via anus and excurrent siphon

Question 4

Explain the amphioxus digestive system

Answer 4

oral cirri for sensory and filter function, water and food drawn into mouth via ciliated wheel organ, passed through velum to pharynx, water leaves through slits (through atrium and out atriopore), mucus from endostyle and Hatschek’s pit traps the food, food passed through epibranchial groove to midgut where the midgut diverticulum secretes enzymes and digestion takes place at the iliocolonic ring. Intestine absorbs nutrients, waste expelled through anus

Question 5

Explain the Hagfish digestive system

Answer 5

rasping tongue with 4 pairs of keratinized teeth surrounding jawless mouth, tears flesh using knots, food is passed to pharynx and intestine for absorption, waste expelled through the anus

Question 6

Explain the ammocete digestive system

Answer 6

muscular pharynx draws in water and food, mucus from subpharyngeal gland traps food, moves to esophagus and into intestine, waste expelled through anus

Question 7

Explain the Lamprey digestive system

Answer 7

vacuum created as pharyngeal muscles expel water through gill slits, velum seals off buccal cavity creating low pressure, uses tongue to cut away tissue

Question 8

in fishes, the mouth opens into the _______________________

Answer 8

oropharyngeal cavity

Question 9

in tetrapods, the mouth opens into the ________________ which then leads to a separate _______________ region

Answer 9

oral cavity, pharyngeal

Question 10

__________________ arch marks border between the ___________ and __________

Answer 10

palatoglossal, oral cavity, Pharynx

Question 11

T/F: lips are usually pliable in mammals for suckling

Answer 11

true

Question 12

What is the primary palate?

Answer 12

roof of oropharyngeal cavity in fishes and oral cavity in amphibians formed by ventral skull bones

Question 13

in amphibians and reptiles, nasal passages from external nares reach mouth via the _______________ (choanae)

Answer 13

internal nares

Question 14

in reptiles and mammals, ______________ grow the midline forming a secondary palate

Answer 14

palatal folds

Question 15

What is the function of the secondary palate?

Answer 15

separates the nasal passages from the mouth, complete in crocodiles and mammals, incomplete in most reptiles forming palatal fissure

Question 16

in mammals, the secondary palate has a fleshy soft palate, what is the function of this?

Answer 16

allows breathing to continue during suckling and masticating food

Question 17

What is the function of the tongue?

Answer 17

capturing food, taste, manipulate food, swallowing, thermoregulation, grooming, speech

Question 18

Explain the structure of the tongue in fishes

Answer 18

crescentic floor elevation produced by basihyal and ceratohyal, non-muscular, contains taste buds and may have denticles (hold prey), primary tongue (copula)

Question 19

Explain the structure of the tongue in tetrapods

Answer 19

mobile, hypobranchial musculature attached to hyoid apparatus, mandible, styloid process of temporal bone

Question 20

The posterior region of the tetrapod tongue is homologous with ________

Answer 20

primary tongue of fishes

Question 21

the tetrapod tongue anterior region includes a ________________ (medial lingual swelling) and _______________________

Answer 21

glandular field, lateral lingual swellings

Question 22

Explain the structure of the frog tongue

Answer 22

long adhesive tongue folded in mouth, anchored to mandibular symphysis, projected by contraction of genioglossus, returned by contraction of hypoglossus

Question 23

Explain the structure of the wood pecker tongue

Answer 23

entoglossus loops around skull, under scalp to the lore and into the right nasal passage. geniohyoid muscle shoots tongue by striaghtening hyoid (elastic recoil returns tongue)

Question 24

describe the structure of the tongue in turtles, crocs, and baleen whales

Answer 24

tongue largely immobilized on floor of oral cavity

Question 25

describe the structure of the tongue of lizards and snakes

Answer 25

tongue often long, forked, project tongue to retrieve chemicals for vomeronasal organ

Question 26

describe the structure of the tongue in mammals

Answer 26

tongue attached to oral cavity via frenulum but can be extended out of cavity, used for thermoregulation, often with filiform papillae, tongue mucosa contain taste and mechanoreceptors

Question 27

In some snakes, lizards and mammals, oral glands are modified to do what?

Answer 27

produce hemolytic and neurotoxic venom

Question 28

The embryo foregut gives rise to .........What is the arterial supply?

Answer 28

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas artery: celiac trunk

Question 29

The embryo midgut gives rise to ..........What is the arterial supply?

Answer 29

distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon artery: branches of superior mesenteric

Question 30

The embryo hindgut gives rise to .................... What is the arterial supply?

Answer 30

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, proximal part of anal canal artery: branches of inferior mesenteric

Question 31

what is the nasopharynx used for in mammals?

Answer 31

used in respiration

Question 32

what is the oropharynx used for in mammals?

Answer 32

used in digestion

Question 33

what is the laryngopharynx used for in mammals?

Answer 33

used in speech and respiration.

Question 34

In mammals, oral cavity leads to oropharynx through the __________________

Answer 34

isthmus of the fauces