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Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy > Post Cranial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post Cranial Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the axial skeleton in fish composed of?

A

chondrocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium, vertebrae, ribs, caudal complex

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2
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton composed of in fish?

A

girdles, fins, and medial fins

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3
Q

what is the axial skeleton composed of in tetrapods?

A

skull, vertrebral column, ribs, sternum

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4
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton composed of in tetrapods?

A

pectoral and pelvic girdles, limbs

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5
Q

How many true ribs are present in humans?

A

7 true ribs

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6
Q

how many false ribs in humans? how many floating?

A

5 false, 2 floating

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7
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

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8
Q

vertebrae typically consist of a _____ and a ______ arch that protects the spinal cord

A

centrum (vertebral body), neural

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9
Q

what do the spinous and transverse processes provide?

A

muscle attachment

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10
Q

T/F: Vertebrae may have superior and inferior processes and facets that form zygapophyseal joints (articulate adjacent vertebrae)

A

true

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11
Q

the notochord is restricted to _________ of intervertebral disc in humans

A

nucleus pulposus

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12
Q

What is amphicoelous?

A

concave anterior and posterior articulating surfaces (chondrichthyans, actinopterygians)

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13
Q

what is procoelous?

A

concave anterior and convex posterior articulating surfaces (amphibians, snakes)

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14
Q

what is opisthoceolous?

A

convex anterior and concave posterior articulating surfaces (crocidilians, cervical of ungulates)

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15
Q

what is acoelous?

A

flat articulating surfaces (mammals, dinosaurs)

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16
Q

what is heterocoelous?

A

saddle shaped articulating surfaces (neck of birds)

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17
Q

What function does the neural arch serve in fish?

A

protects spinal cord and provides area for muscle attachment

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18
Q

what function does the centrum serve in fish?

A

vertebral body surrounding compressed notochord

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19
Q

ribs protect ____ and provide ______ attachement

A

viscera, muscle

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20
Q

Ventral ribs form ____ arch in ______ region to protect vasculature

A

hemal, caudal

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21
Q

sharks centra are ______

A

amphicoelous

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22
Q

T/F: in sharks the neural arch consists of paired dorsal plates (intercalary)

A

true

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23
Q

what do hemal arches consist of?

A

paired ventral plates

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24
Q

T/F: bowfin and perch have ventral and dorsal ribs

A

true

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25
Q

what is aspidospondyly?

A

notochord surrounded by intercentrum and pleurocentrum

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26
Q

what are some features of spines?

A

hard and pointed, unsegmented, unbranched

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27
Q

what are some features of lepidotrichia?

A

soft, segmented, branched

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28
Q

What is a heterocercal tail?

A

upper lobe larger than lower, vertebral column extends into upper lobe, generates upwards forward force

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29
Q

what is a homocercal tail?

A

symmetrical upper and lower lobes, vertebral column ends at base, produces forward thrust

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30
Q

lateral undulation of vertebral column in fishes assists in _______

A

locomotion

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31
Q

what is aspidospondyly?

A

all bony elements remain separate (primitive condition)

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32
Q

What is holospondyly?

A

all bony elements fused into a single structure (formed by enlargment of pleurocentrum

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33
Q

intercentrum became prominent in the ________ lineage (gave rise to extant amphibians

A

temnospondyl

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34
Q

pleurocentrum became prominent in the _______ lineage (gave rise to amniotes

A

anthracosaur

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35
Q

T/F: intercentrum does not contribute to centrum in amniotes and is homologous with the head of the rib

A

true

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36
Q

_____ and ______ articulate adjacent vertebrae

A

pre and post-zygapophyses

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37
Q

what is the urostle?

A

splint like extension of vertebral column posterior to sacral vertebrae adapted for salatorial motion

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38
Q

what is the gastralium?

A

dermal ribs constricted to ventral wall used for muscle attachment and bone support

39
Q

T/F: In lizards and crocodiles, dermal ribs articulate with vertebrae

A

false

40
Q

plastron consists of _____ plates and ______ elements

A

dermal, clavicle

41
Q

What forms carapace?

A

throacic vertebrae and ribs fused with dermal plates and epidermal plates/scutes

42
Q

T/F: turtles have 8 double jointed vertebrae that permit extensive range of motion

A

true

43
Q

How do pleurodires retract the head?

A

bending neck horizontally

44
Q

how do cryptodires retract the head?

A

bending neck in vertical S-shape

45
Q

What is the structure and function of the pygostyle?

A

fusion of several caudal vertebrae, supports tail feathers

46
Q

T/F: uncinate processes strengthen ribcage

A

True

47
Q

What is the structure and function of the synsacrum?

A

fusion of some thoracic, all lumbar, sacral, and some caudal vertebrae, extensive rigid structure provides stability during flight

48
Q

carinate birds have enlarged ________ to support flight muscles

A

sternal keel

49
Q

T/F: ratite birds lack distincitve keel

A

true

50
Q

How many fused sacral vertebrae make up the sacrum in humans?

A

5

51
Q

the atlas articuates with the ____

A

skull (nodding motion)

52
Q

the axis pivots around the ______ process and allows for _______ of head

A

odontoid, rotation

53
Q

thoracic vertebrae articulate with the _______

A

ribs

54
Q

Lumbar vertebrae are

A

robust, lower back vertebrae

55
Q

How is the axial skeleton connected to the pectoral girdle in humans?

A

articulation between manubrium of the sternum and clavicle

56
Q

How is the axial skeleton connected to the pelvic girdle in humans?

A

articulation between the sacrum and illium

57
Q

Derived ostracoderms had _________ fins, lacked ____ fins

A

pectoral, pelvic

58
Q

lampreys and hagfish lack _____________ fins

A

both pectoral and pelvic

59
Q

placoderms had _________ fins

A

pectoral and pelvic

60
Q

Acanthodians had _________ fins precceded by spines

A

bothe pectoral and pelvic

61
Q

T/F: in sharks, pectoral girle has no connection with the skull or vertebral column

A

true

62
Q

In sharks, the basal pterygiophores articulate with ____

A

scapular portion of the pectoral girdle

63
Q

T/F: in sharks, pelvic girdle has no connection to vertebral column

A

true

64
Q

The clasper is an extension of the ______

A

metapterygium

65
Q

In bony fishes, the sacpulacoracoid supports the __________

A

basal and radial pterygiophores and lepidotrichia (endochondral bones)

66
Q

In bony fishes, the girdles are attached to the back of the skull via the _____

A

cleithrum, postcleithrum, supracleithrum, posttemporal bones, and clavicle

67
Q

T/F: interclavicle first forms in rhipidistian fishes and connects both clavicles in some tetrapods

A

true

68
Q

the metapterygial axis gives rise to

A

bones of sarcopterygian fin and tetrapod limb

69
Q

In tetrapods, there is a significant loss of ________ bone attaching pectoral girdle to skull (e.g., posttemporal, postcleithrum, supracleithrum etc.)

A

dermal

70
Q

T/F: the coracoid process of therian mammals is not homologous with the coracoid bone of other vertebrates

A

true

71
Q

The cleithrum is lost in _______

A

amniotes

72
Q

cleithrum clavicle and interclavicle are reduced in _____ and lost in extant ________

A

forgs, salamanders

73
Q

in ______, the clavicle and interclavicle are incorporated into plastron

A

turtles

74
Q

In _______ clavicle and interclavicle fuse forming furcula

A

birds

75
Q

in eutherians (true mammals) ______ is lost, but retain ______

A

interclavicle, clavicle

76
Q

tetrapod limb is characterized by _______(muscular limb with functional joints and digits)

A

chiridium

77
Q

T/F: pre-axial is important when it comes to developmetn

A

false

78
Q

WHich developmental region do carpal bones belong to?

A

autopodium

79
Q

which developmental region does the forearm belong to?

A

zeugopodium

80
Q

the __________ axis is important for the fin to limb transition

A

metapterygial

81
Q

what is pentadactylous?

A

5 digit pattern

82
Q

polyphalangy

A

increased number of phalanges in each digit

83
Q

polydactyly

A

increased number of digitd (more than 5) very rare

84
Q

plantigrade

A

walking on soles of feet

85
Q

digitgrade

A

walking with ankle and heel off ground (walking on toes)

86
Q

unguligrade

A

walking on ends of digits and hooves

87
Q

what is sprawling posture?

A

most primitive, upper limbs horizontal, body may or may to drag on ground. laterally undulate with steps

88
Q

what is erect posture?

A

mammals, dinosaurs, birds, limbs beneath body avoids carriers constraint, alows prolonged activity

89
Q

what is carriers constraint?

A

lung compression of flexed side during lateral undulation

90
Q

Flight evolved independently 3 times in ______, _______, and ________

A

birds, bats, pterosaurs

91
Q

Pterosaurs wings composed of ______

A

elongated 4th digit with skin membrane

92
Q

Birds wings composed of _______-

A

fusion of carpals with metacarpals (carpometacarpus) and fusion of digits (feathered)

93
Q

Bat wings composed of _______

A

1st digit forming hook, 2-5th digit elongated covered in skin membrane

Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy (25 decks)

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