Sensory Systems 1 - Final Exam Flashcards
special somatic receptors
specialized and concentrated on body surface
special visceral receptors
specialized and concentrated within body
General somatic receptors
widely distributed on the body surface
general visceral receptors
widely distributed within body surface
what is the lateral line in fishes?
series of fluid-filled canals just below the skin of the head and sides of body (open to surrounding water through tiny pores
what does the lateral line contain?
neuromast receptors, mechanoreceptors
what are neuromast receptors? what is their function? what do they arise from?
consist of hair cells and cupula, displacement generates impulse, arise from ectodermal placodes
What is the function of the mechanoreceptors?
detect water movement (pressure) produced by turbulence, currents, or low-frequency vibrations
what is the function of the lateral line?
orientation, schooling, avoiding predators, finding prey
what are the ampullae of lorenzini?
modified lateral line in the head region.
what is the structure of the ampullae of lorenzini?
external pores and gel filled canal leads to ampulla housing neuromast
What is the function of ampullae of Lorenzini? why is this important?
detect bioelectric fields, which may cause sharks to attack metal objects, the earths magnetic field interacting with ocean currents generate electric fields sharks use for migration
Where is the inner ear membranous labyrinth located?
within a bony or cartilaginous labyrinth, surrounded by perilymph
the inner ear membranous labyrinth usually consists of ____ semicircular ducts (anterior, posterior, horizontal), __________, and ___________
3, utricle, sacculus
how many semicircular ducts do hagfish have? which ones?
1, posterior
How many semicircular ducts do lampreys have? which ones?
2, anterior, posterior
what is the lagena?
out pocket of sacculus, homologous to cochlea of mammals and birds
fish have a ___________
lagena
what is the function of the lagena of succulus in sharks?
receive sound waves, to detect prey
What is dynamic equilibrium?
when head rotates, inertia causes a slight movement of endolymph fluid in semicircular ducts, displaces cupula of crista (located within ampulla) generating impulses by hair cells
what is static equilibrium?
hair cells of maculae generate impulses during linear acceleration
what are the hair cells of maculae
flattened cupula containing a layer of otoliths
T/F: otoliths are often extrinsic grain (sand particles)
true
the weberian apparatus is a modification of the first _______ vertebrae in carp
4-5
pressure waves vibrate _____________ swimbladder (resonating chamber) causing _______________ (connecting swimbladder to inner ear) to vibrate ___________ sound waves
physostomous, Weberian ossicles, amplifying
the basilar membrane in mammals is __________ (each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it, high near base and low at apex)
tonotopic
mammalian organ of corti is a specialized strip of _____________ (innervated by CN VIII) within coiled ____________
neuromasts, cochlear duct
What does the mammalian organ of corti rest on?
a basilar membrane that vibrates when waves from middle ear ossicles propagate through fluid
amphibians and most reptiles have a _________ on the surface of the head
tympanic membrane
crocodilians, birds, and mammals have a ______________ that is deeper in the skull at the end of an air-filled passageway called the ______________
tympanic membrane, outer ear canal
_________ of mammals collects and directs sound waves towards the _________________
pinna, tympanic membrane
midddle ear cavity connected by ___________ tube, houses ear __________
eustachian tube, ear
Amphibians, reptiles, and birds have a single middle ear ossicle called the ___________
columella
mammals have ___ middle ear ossicles the __________, _________, and __________
3, malleus, incus, stapes
what is echolocation?
emit calls out to the environment and listen to echoes of those calls that return from various objects
T/F? toothed whales produce sound as air passes across phonic lip membranes, causing tissues to vibrate
true
sound vibrations in toothed whales pass through _________ which shapes and directs sound into beam
melon
what is the function of pit receptors? what CN innervates them?
sense infrared thermal radiation, CN V