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Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy > Nervous System I > Flashcards

Nervous System I Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

receives environmental stimuli from receptors, transmits information to effectors, regulates internal environment, storage site for information

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2
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what two systems is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

the somatic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

what does the CNS contain?

A

brain and spinal cord, enclosed by bone

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5
Q

what does the PNS contain?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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6
Q

what is a neuron?

A

the basic functional unit of the nervous system

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7
Q

What is the soma? what does it contain?

A

the cell body of a neuron, contains nucleus and metabolic machinery

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8
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

receive neurotransmitters from other neurons at synapses, transmits information to cell body via graded potentials

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9
Q

what is an axon?

A

long cytoplasmic process that transmits action potentials over long distances (up to one meter)

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10
Q

what are telodendria?

A

terminal branches of axon (ending in terminal button) that release at synapses

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11
Q

what are action potentials?

A

nerve impulses

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12
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

bipolar, unipolar, multipolar

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13
Q

What is the structure of bipolar neurons? give an example.

A

soma located near the middle of the axon.
e.x. retinal neurons

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14
Q

What is the structure of unipolar neurons? give an example.

A

soma lies off to one side of the axon
e.x. sensory neurons

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15
Q

What is the structure of multipolar neurons? give an example.

A

soma lies very close to dendrites (e.x. motor neurons)

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16
Q

What is the function of afferent (sensory) neurons?

A

carry impulses from receptor cells to the CNS (pain or thermal receptors etc.)

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17
Q

what is the function of efferent (motor) neurons?

A

carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

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18
Q

what is a nerve?

A

cord like structure containing many axons within the PNS

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19
Q

Nerves are surrounded by _________

A

epineurium (connective tissue layer)

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20
Q

bundles of axons are surrounded by ________

A

perineurium (connective tissue layer)

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21
Q

axons are surrounded by _________

A

endoneurium (connective tissue layer)

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22
Q

what is a tract?

A

bundle of axons connecting different parts of the CNS

23
Q

what is a ganglion? give an example

A

a cluster of neural cell bodies of the PNS (dorsal root ganglion)

24
Q

what is the nucleus? give an example

A

a cluster of neural cell bodies of the CNS (thalamus)

25
Q

The spinal cord occupies the ____________ canal of vertebrae

A

vertebral (neural)

26
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

foramen magnum of the skull

27
Q

where does the spinal cord end in humans?

A

lumbar region (L1-L2) continues as collection of spinal nerves

28
Q

__________ and _________ rootlets emerge from spinal cord

A

dorsal and ventral

29
Q

spinal nerves exit the spinal cord via the ___________ foramina then divide into the_________ and ________ rami

A

intervertebral, dorsal, ventral

30
Q

what is metamerism?

A

segmentation

31
Q

Spinal nerves exhibit _________. a specific spinal nerve innervates specific __________ and __________

A

metamerism, myotomes, dermatomes

32
Q

What does gray matter consist of?

A

neuronal cell bodies

33
Q

what does white matter consist of?

A

myelinated axons that form ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fiber tracts

34
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract?

A

one of many ascending tracts originating the the spinal cord and extending to the brain

35
Q

what is the function of the spinothalamic tract?

A

transmits information to the brain about pain, temperature, pressure, and crude touch

36
Q

axons of the spinothalamic tract ______ to the other side of the spinal cord

A

decussate

37
Q

1st order sensory neuron axons from skin receptors enter the ________ of the spinal cord and synapse with 2nd order sensory neurons (spinothalamic tract cells) in the ________

A

dorsal root, dorsal horn

38
Q

axons travel up the brainstem as ___________ tract to the thalamus

A

spinothalamic

39
Q

what is the corticospinal tract?

A

one of many descending tracts originating in brain and extending to the spinal cord

40
Q

neuronal cell bodies in the motor cortex of the corticospinal tract send axons _______ through the _______ and ________

A

down, brain stem, spinal cord

41
Q

most axons of the corticospinal tract ________ to the opposite side in the __________

A

decussate, medulla

42
Q

upper motor axons of the corticospinal tract synapse with the lower motor neurons in the ________ of spinal cord

A

ventral horn

43
Q

axons of lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tract innervate ________ muscles

A

voluntary

44
Q

what is the function of somatic motor nerves?

A

motor to skeletal muscles

45
Q

what is the function of somatic sensory nerves?

A

sensory from general cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors of skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, vision, and hearing

46
Q

what is the function of visceral motor nerves?

A

motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

47
Q

what is the function of visceral sensory nerves?

A

sensory from receptors in viscera, taste, and olfaction

48
Q

T/F? Lampreys have both dorsal and ventral roots that do not unite to from the spinal nerve

A

true

49
Q

_________ rami from multiple adjacent spinal nerves combine to form _________ in gnathostomes

A

ventral, plexuses

50
Q

_________ rami of C __, __, __, form the _______ nerve that innervates the diapraghm

A

ventral, 3, 4, 5, phrenic

51
Q

what is a meninx?

A

single layer of meninges

52
Q

what are the meninges?

A

protective layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

fishes have ________ meninx

A

primitive

54
Q

amphibians, reptiles, and birds have 2 meninx layers the _________ and _________

A

dura mater, pia mater

Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy (25 decks)

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