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Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy > Amniotes > Flashcards

Amniotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Which age is the “age of reptiles”

A

mesozoic

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2
Q

reptilian scales are _______ derived

A

epidermally

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3
Q

ectothermic

A

regulate body temperature via solar energy

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4
Q

reptiles regulate their body temperature _________

A

ectothermally

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5
Q

amphibians regulate their body temperature __________

A

endothermally

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6
Q

first fully terrestrial vertebrates

A

reptiles

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7
Q

What forms the carapace and plastron in turtles?

A

ribs, vertebrae, and epidermal plates modified to form carapace and plastron

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8
Q

where are the pectoral and pelvic girdles located in turtles

A

located inside ribs

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9
Q

T/F turtles have teeth

A

False, jaw bones covered in keratinized beak

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10
Q

what are synapsids?

A

proto-mammals, mammal-like reptiles with only infratemporal fenestra

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11
Q

Reptiles have ___ temporal fenestrae

A

2, infratemporal and supra temporal

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12
Q

what are lepidosaurians?

A

Lizards, snakes, amphisbaenia

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13
Q

Lepidosaurians have overlapping _________ derived scales

A

epidermally

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14
Q

T/F: Lepidosaurians have secondarily lost one or more temporal fenestrae

A

True

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15
Q

what are archosaurians?

A

crocodiles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ancestor of birds

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16
Q

what are scutes?

A

epidermally derived plates

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17
Q

what is a crop?

A

enlarged part of esophagus to store food

18
Q

archosaurians have ________ and _________ fenestrae

A

antorbital and mandibular (openings in front of eyes and in lower jaw)

19
Q

T/F: pterosaurs are dinosaurs

A

false

20
Q

how were pterosaur wings formed?

A

by skin membranes attached to an elongated 4th digit

21
Q

what is saurischian

A

lizard-hipped - pubis directed anteriorly and ischium directed posteriorly

22
Q

what is ornithischian

A

bird-hipped - pubis and ischium parallel and directed posteriorly

23
Q

T/F: avians are endothermic ornithischian dinosaurs with feathers

A

false, they are endothermic saurischian dinosaurs

24
Q

what are some features of archaeopteryx?

A

long tail, thecodont tooth attachment, not well-developed synsacrum, trunk vertebrae not rigidly fused, feathers

25
Q

what is a synsacrum?

A

a fusion of vertebrae in the pelvic region

26
Q

what are neornithes?

A

modern birds

27
Q

what are the synapomorphies of neornithes?

A

reptilian scales on legs and feet, keratinized beak, 4-chambered heart, modified diapsid skull, large cerebellum, pneumatic bones, reduced number of bones in the wrist, palm, and digits

28
Q

what are pneumatic bones?

A

slender long bones containing air sacs from the lungs

29
Q

How was the bird wing formed?

A

fusion of carpals with metacarpals forming the metacarpus, and fusion of digits - feathered

30
Q

what are the mammal synapomorphies?

A

synapsid skull, hair, and mammary glands, 3 ossicle bones in the middle ear cavity, muscular diaphragm, sweat glands, heterodont dentition with 2 sets of teeth (milk and permanent), extensive development of cerebral cortex

31
Q

Mammals are ________ amniotes

A

endothermic

32
Q

What are monotremes?

A

first mammal

33
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

allows the 2 sides of the brain to communicate

34
Q

What are some features of monotremes?

A

lay heavily yolked eggs, malleus and incus larger than other mammals, no corpus callosum, endothermic, cloaca

35
Q

what is a cloaca?

A

common cavity for the reproductive system

36
Q

what are metatherians?

A

marsupials

37
Q

what is the marsupium?

A

maternal abdominal pouch that incubates and nurses young

38
Q

what are some features of marsupials?

A

no cloaca, double vagina, bifurcated penis, choriovitelline placenta

39
Q

what is a choriovitelline placenta?

A

an embryonic yolk sac in contact with the chorion

40
Q

what are eutherians?

A

placentals, a.k.a true mammals

41
Q

what is a chorioallantoic placenta?

A

chorion in contact with allantois

42
Q

T/F: eutherian young are carried in uterus until fully developed

A

True

Biology 421 - Comparative anatomy (25 decks)

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