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Anatomy&Physiology I > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

bone is a very active tissue that is continually ______ itself

A

repairing

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system

A

support and protect
movement
mineral storage
making of red marrow (makes erythrocytes)
making of yellow marrow (aid in fat storage)

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3
Q

what is the function of red marrow

A

serves in production of all blood cells

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4
Q

what minerals are in bone

A

calcium, magnesium, phosphorus

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5
Q

what is the epiphysis of a long bone

A

the ends of the long bone

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6
Q

what is the diaphysis of a long bone

A

the shaft of the bone

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7
Q

what is the periosteum

A

the thin membrane around bones that protect the bones and aids in tissue regeneration

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8
Q

what is the endosteum

A

the membrane lining the inner surface of the boney wall

it lines the medullary canal and all the internal cavities of the bone

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9
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate

A

a layer of cartilage that is only present during the growth period and vanishes after puberty in long bones

Area of bone where it hasn’t calcified yet

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10
Q

what is the articular cartilage in long bones

A

cartilage that forms a smooth, durable covering at the end of each bone in the joints

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11
Q

what is the medullar cavity

A

the hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow

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12
Q

what are the functions of bone marrow

A

making of erythrocytes
stores fat

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13
Q

what type of bone is bone marrow made of

A

spongy bone

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14
Q

what is another word for the spongy bone that makes bone marrow

A

cancellous bone

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15
Q

what two parts of the bone are made of hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage at the ends of long bones

epiphyseal line - derived from the epiphyseal plate after puberty is over and bone stopped growing

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16
Q

what is the significance of the epiphyseal plate located in the metaphysis of bone

A

it makes osteoblasts for cell growth during puberty

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17
Q

what is the epiphyseal line

A

the line where the epiphyseal plate was during puberty

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18
Q

what is found in the medullary canal

A

the Haversian Canal and yellow bone marrow and erythrocytes

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19
Q

what type of bone is found in the epiphysis

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

what are the two layers of the periosteum

A

the osteogenic layer and the fibrous layer

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21
Q

what is the osteogenic layer of the periosteum

A

the layer of which bone cells use for new growth and bone breakdown

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22
Q

what is the fibrous layer of the periosteum

A

the layer of which there is dense irregular connective tissue for support in all directions

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23
Q

what are perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

collagen fibers that hold the periosteum to the bone

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24
Q

what is a ligament and how does it connect to bone

A

ligaments attach bone to bone

it attaches through fibers directly to the periosteum

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25
Q

what is a tendon and how does it connect to bone

A

a tendon connects muscle to bone

it connects to the bone directly through the periosteum

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26
Q

what are the components of the matrix of bone

A

calcified ground substance
protein fibers

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27
Q

which salts are present in bone

A

calcium salts

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28
Q

which part of the matrix of bone is organic

A

the collagen fibers

collagen is a protein made from amino acids which makes it organic

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29
Q

what characteristics does collagen give to bone

A

it gives strength and very limited flexibility

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30
Q

what characteristics does the calcium give bone

A

calcified calcium provides strength and support/structure

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31
Q

what are the “scattered” cells in bone

A

osteoprogenitors
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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32
Q

what are osteoprogenitors

A

cells in the periosteum and endosteum that undergo mitosis

these are derived from mesenchymal cells

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33
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

cells that secrete osteoid matrix to calcify cells

34
Q

what are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

35
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

these are cells that derive from leukocytes to perform as phagocytes to put calcium back into the blood by “eating away” at the calcified cells

36
Q

what are the two main types of bone

A

compact and spongy bone

37
Q

what are compact bones made of

A

made of osteons with haverisan systems

38
Q

what is the difference between central (haversian) canal and perforating (volkmann) canal

A

Haversian canal carries blood vessels and nerves

perforating canal connects the Haversian canal to the periosteum and other Haversian canals

39
Q

where is compact bone found

A

in long bones

40
Q

what are other names for spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

trabecular bone

41
Q

where is spongy bone found in long bones

A

at the ends of long bones at the epiphyses with compact bone surrounding it

42
Q

where is spongy bone found in flat bones

A

in between two thin layers of compact bone

43
Q

what are trabecula

A

cross sections of spongy bone

acts like a network of supporting beams to provide strength and support to the bones

44
Q

what is found in the spaces of spongy bone

A

bone marrow

45
Q

how do the trabeculae in spongy bone get their nourishment

A

they are immersed in blood and get their nutrients from the blood directly

The red marrow it is submersed in

46
Q

what is ossification

A

the process of making bones

47
Q

what is another name for bone formation

A

osteogenesis

48
Q

when does ossification occur

A

during growth, repair and embryonic development

49
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

the process of bone formation from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tirrue

50
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

process of making bone from hyaline cartilage

51
Q

many of the long bones and carpal bones begin as ___________

A

hyaline cartilage

52
Q

many of the cranial bones and facial bones begin as ___________ or ___________ connective tissue

A

mesenchyme

dense fibrous

53
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

process of which fibrous connective tissue/mesenchyme turns into bone

54
Q

what bones arise from intramembranous ossification

A

the skull, mandible, part of the clavicle

55
Q

what is a fontanel

A

a soft spot on the skull of a fetus/baby consisting of connective tissue that is necessary to shape/mold the head to fit through the pelvis during childbirth

56
Q

what type of tissue is the fontanel made of

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

57
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes in the middle of the bone will divide and push the bones to make it longer

MAKE BONE LONGER

58
Q

what is appositional growth

A

making of new cartilage on top of existing cartilage

the chondroblasts secrete matrix and there will be new bone growth along the sides

MAKING THE BONE WIDER

59
Q

when cartilage reaches a certain length and width, the cells of the __________ will become periosteum and start to lay down a little bit of bone called ____________________

A

perichondrium; boney collar

60
Q

what does calcify mean

A

putting in calcium into the matrix of the bone in the area of the bone

adding calcium to make bone hard

61
Q

what is the primary ossification center

A

where bone first started to be formed at

it is in the middle of the diaphysis (shaft of long bone)

62
Q

what are secondary ossification centers and when do they appear

A

areas of ossification that occurs after primary ossification

they are located in the epiphyses of long bones

63
Q

what are the two areas that will stay as hyaline cartilage

A

the metaphysis and the epiphyseal plate

64
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

hyaline cartilage that DID NOT form into bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis

65
Q

what is the epuphyseal plate

A

plates in the metaphysis region that will stay hyaline cartilage that allows for bones to grow in length

66
Q

can you see cartilage on x rays

A

no

67
Q

where does bone grow in width

A

in the periosteum

68
Q

what type of growth is bone growth

A

appositional because you’re making the bone wider and longer

69
Q

what functions is calcium needed for

A

blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve conduction

70
Q

if you do not consume enough calcium in your diet, where will your body get its calcium from

A

the bones

71
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do for calcium homeostasis

A

it is a hormone that stimulates osteoclasts to eat at the bone, thus releasing calcium into the blood

72
Q

what does calcitonin do for calcium homeostasis

A

inhibits osteoclasts so that the osteoblasts can become more active to put calcium into bones thus decreasing the amount of calcium in the blood

73
Q

what are the steps in bone repair

A

hematoma forms (big blood clot)
fibrocartilage callus forms to connect broken ends
cartilage turns into spongy bone
remodeling

74
Q

what are the two types of fractures

A

simple (closed) with no skin break

and

compound (open) with skin break - bony protrusion through the skin

75
Q

what is a colles fracture

A

distal radius fracture by falling on an outstretched arm

when you fall and try to brace yourself with your arm and fracture your radius in the process

76
Q

what is a greenstick fracture

A

fracture in children when one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent

77
Q

why is a greenstick fracture possible in children and not adults

A

bones in children are softer and more flexible than adult bones

78
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass in the matrix

79
Q

why would older women and men experience a loss of bone mass

A

due to vitamin d deficiency, high alcohol intake, falling, lack of exercise

80
Q

why would bones become more brittle with increasing age

A

your body may start to reabsorb calcium and phosphate from bones instead of keeping them in the bones so your bones will get weaker

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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