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Anatomy&Physiology I > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the abbreviation “CNS” stand for

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

billions of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what are tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

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4
Q

axons carry impulses in only one direction in the CNS.

what are those directions and the proper terms for them

A

ascending: sensory impulses traveling to the brain from the spinal cord
*to the brain

descending: motor impulses traveling from the brain to the spinal cord
*to the spinal cord

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5
Q

what does the abbreviation “PNS” stand for

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

all the nerves and receptors outside of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

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8
Q

axons carry impulses in only one direction in the PNS.

what are those directions and the proper terms for them

A

afferent: sensory impulse traveling towards the CNS from PNS
*towards spine

efferent: motor impulses traveling from the CNS to the PNS
*towards receptors

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9
Q

what does autonomic efferent mean

A

involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle

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10
Q

what does somatic efferent mean

A

voluntary major impulses to skeletal muscle

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11
Q

in the PNS there are sensory (________) and motor (________) neurons

A

afferent; efferent

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12
Q

in the CNS there are sensory (_____) and motor (_____) neurons

A

ascending; descending

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13
Q

what are the functions of neurons

A

sensory, motor, and integrative pathways

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14
Q

there are cranial nerves (enter/exit brain) and spinal nerves (enter/exit) spinal cord

are these nerve part of the CNS or PNS

A

PNS

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15
Q

what are the two types of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

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16
Q

what is the general function of a neuron

A

to carry impulses across the body in response to stimuli

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17
Q

what is the general function of neuroglia

A

to support the neurons

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18
Q

what are the general functions of astrocytes

A

serve as a blood-brain barrier
potassium/sodium/carbon dioxide balance
metabolism of neurotransmitters
repair of damaged areas in CNS
neuronal connections during development

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19
Q

what is the general function of microglia

A

phagocytes that digest debris

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20
Q

what is the general function of ependymal cells

A

ciliated cells that line spaces in the brain and aid with movement of cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

what is the general function of oligodendrocytes

A

they make the myelin sheath in the CNS

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22
Q

what is a myelin sheath and what is its purpose

A

a phospholipid covering around axons of neurons in the CNS and PNS

they aid in conduction of electrical impulses and isolation of the neuron

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23
Q

what are satellite cells

A

cells in the PNS that support the neurons in ganglia

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24
Q

what are ganglia

A

nerve cell clusters in the PNS

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25
Q

what is a ganglion

A

group of neural cell bodies in the PNS

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26
Q

what are Schwann cells

A

cells that make the myelin sheath in the PNS

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27
Q

what is another name for Schwann cells

A

neurolemmocytes

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28
Q

satellite cells are analogous to which cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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29
Q

Schwann cells are analogous to which cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

why are neurtubules important in a neuron

A

they provide internal support to the neuron

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31
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A

insulation
make impulses faster
save ATP

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32
Q

which cell makes the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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33
Q

which cell makes the myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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34
Q

are all neurons in the PNS and CNS myelinated

A

no there are some unmyelinated neurons as well

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35
Q

does the CNS contain neurolemma

A

no

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36
Q

does the PNS contain neurolemma

A

yes

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37
Q

what is neurolemma

A

the nucleated cytoplasmic (outer) layer of the Schwann cells

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38
Q

unmyelinated axons conduct impulses ________ than myelinated ones

a. faster
b. slower

A

slower

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39
Q

how are neurons classified

A

by structure and function

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40
Q

what are the types of structures neurons can have in the nervous system

A

mulitpolar - many extensions
bipolar - 2 extensions
unipolar - single extension

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41
Q

what does it mean for a neuron to be classified structurally

A

it is based on the number of extensions on the soma of a neuron

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42
Q

what does it mean for a neuron to be classified functionally

A

based on the type of impulse that is carried by the neuron

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43
Q

what are the types of functional names a neuron can have

A

sensory
motor
association or integrative

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44
Q

define resting membrane potential

A

the difference in voltage between the inside and outside

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45
Q

what is the resting potential voltage in a neuron

A

-70 mV

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46
Q

why is the inside negatively charged relative to the outside of the membrane

A

there are many large proteins that are anions with a negative charge

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47
Q

what is the function of the Na+/K+ pump

A

to maintain resting potential

it pumps out potassium and takes in sodium

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48
Q

does the Na+/K+ pump require ATP

A

yes

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49
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

carries sensory information from the PNS to the brain then to the skeletal muscles

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50
Q

does the somatic nervous system innervate with the skeletal system

A

yes

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51
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

involuntary movement of impulses

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52
Q

does the autonomic nervous system innervate with cardiac and smooth muscle

A

yes

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53
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract that can work independently from the somatic and autonomic

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54
Q

can the enteric nervous system be influenced by the autonomic nervous system

A

yes

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55
Q

what is depolarization

A

reversing the charge

*negative to positive

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56
Q

what is repolarization

A

reversing the reverse charge and putting it back to normal

*positive back to negative

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57
Q

what happens to the membrane during depolarization

A

the membrane becomes more permeable to Na+ (sodium)

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58
Q

what happens to the membrane during repolarization

A

the membrane potential is reestablished

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59
Q

how is depolarization caused

A

Na+ rushes into the cell bringing a positive charge into the cell so the membrane becomes more positive

60
Q

what are voltage sensitive gates

A

channels that need to meet a threshold in order to function

61
Q

what is the threshold for voltage sensitive channels

A

-55mV

textbook: -60mV

62
Q

how does the cell reestablish membrane potential

A

K+ is positive and it leaves the cell

63
Q

what is hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential that becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential

64
Q

what is the refractory period

A

the time at which you can’t send action potentials

65
Q

in an action potential, when does the refractory period occur

A

during depolarization

66
Q

what is the all or none response

A

cells will excite to its greatest capacity through each action potential

67
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

action potentials jumping from node to node

68
Q

what are the nodes in between the myelin sheaths called in saltatory conduction

A

nodes of Ranvier

69
Q

in myelinated axons the action potential only occurs at the nodes of _______. the myelin insulates the rest of the axon

70
Q

what are the advantages of saltatory conduction

A

fast
saves ATP

71
Q

what do fast nerves look like

A

large diameter with myelin

72
Q

speed of action potentials increases with _______

A

temperature

73
Q

what are the different types of nerve fibers

A

A fibers - large diameter
B fibers - contain myeline
C fibers - no myelin

74
Q

what is continuous conduction

A

slow action potentials that occur in unmyelinated neurons

75
Q

what is a presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron before the synapse

76
Q

what is a postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron after the synapse

77
Q

what is a chemically gated channel

A

a channel where the opening of said channel is caused by a chemical binding to a receptor

78
Q

what is a voltage gated channel

A

a channel where the opening of said channel is caused by a change in voltage

79
Q

what does ionotropic mean

A

neurotransmitters that bind to a receptor that also serves as a channel

80
Q

what does metabotropic mean

A

neurotransmitters binds to a receptor that triggers the opening of a channel

81
Q

what is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

the possibility for a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor and not move it closer to the threshold

82
Q

what is a graded potential

A

the neurotransmitters binding to their receptors causing a local change

83
Q

what is an excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

a graded potential that is moving the voltage towards the threshold

84
Q

what is glutamine

A

the most common excitatory neurotransmitter

85
Q

what is GABA

A

the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter

86
Q

what fires the action potential when the threshold is reached

A

the axon hillock

87
Q

what is a direct electrical synapse

A

a gap junction in cardiac muscle

88
Q

what is a chemical synapse

A

where an impulse can only travel in one direction

89
Q

list the events that occur at a synapse

A
  1. action potential is fired
  2. action potential reaches the axon end bulb and triggers calcium to flow into the bulb through voltage sensitive calcium channels
  3. calcium influx triggers the movement of vesicles with neurotransmitters towards the membrane of the axon terminal
  4. the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis and diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  5. the neurotransmitter attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane and causes a change in the resting membrane potential
90
Q

is the neurotransmitter in the nervous system always acetylcholine

91
Q

what is the purpose of having numerous neurotransmitters in the body

A

for different functions/reactions needed in response to different stimuli

92
Q

what changes on the postsynaptic membrane can be caused by neurotransmitters

A

the change in voltage

93
Q

the neurotransmitter acetylcholine causes _____ influx on the skeletal muscle membrane. the ____ influx depolarizes the motor end plate and initiates the ________

A

Na+
Na+
action potential

94
Q

some neurotransmitters caused the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell to move closer to the threshold.

what is another words for it moving closer to the threshold

A

excitatory

95
Q

some neurotransmitters caused the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell to move away from the threshold.

what is another word for it moving away from the threshold

A

inhibitory

96
Q

is acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction always excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

97
Q

what is a converging circuit

A

a lot of presynaptic neurons and one postsynaptic neuron

98
Q

do excitatory neurotransmitters depolarize or repolarize the membrane

A

depolarize

99
Q

do inhibitory neurotransmitters depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane

A

hyperpolarize

100
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters cause the inside of the cell to move closer to the threshold of ______

101
Q

what determines if an action potential is generated

A

the axon hillock summates all of the information from the neurons synapses and determines if the action potential will be generated

102
Q

what is the trigger zone

A

zone of which if the sum reaches the potential of -55mV or higher causing an action potential

103
Q

what is temporal summation

A

repeated impulses over time

104
Q

what is spatial summation

A

several neurons firing at once

105
Q

what is summation

A

the process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals

106
Q

what is facilitation

A

axon hillock moving closer to the threshold in a neuron

107
Q

what are examples of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
amino acids glutamate and GABA
noradrenaline
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
nitric oxide
endorphins
enkephalins

108
Q
  1. neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction (excitatory)
  2. neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system
  3. broken down by cholinesterase
  4. nitocine stimulates these receptors

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

A

acetylcholine

109
Q
  1. most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
    1.A. valium increases these levels
  2. is an amino acid

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

110
Q
  1. most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
  2. is an amino acid

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

111
Q
  1. can also be norepinephrine
  2. neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system
  3. important neurotransmitter in the brain for arousal from sleep

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

A

noradrenaline

112
Q
  1. muscle control
  2. creates the “high” of certain drugs and plays a role in addiction
  3. role in memory

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

113
Q
  1. role in sleep, mood, and appetite
  2. important neurotransmitter in the GI tract

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

114
Q
  1. gas
  2. smooth muscle relaxer

what type of neurotransmitter do these traits define

A

nitric oxide

115
Q
  1. neuropeptides
  2. may be released with neurotransmitters
  3. affect the function of neurotransmitters
  4. natural pain killers

what type of neurotransmitters do these traits define

A

endorphins and enkephalins

116
Q

what is the type of nervous system that innervates smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

117
Q

what tissues are innervated by the somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

118
Q

what are the CNS neuroglial cell that can phagocytize

119
Q

what is the CNS neuroglial cell that helps control levels of K+ in the brain

A

astrocytes

120
Q

what is the neuroglial CNS cell that only allows fat-soluble substances to leave the blood and enter the brain

121
Q

what is the neuroglial CNS cell that can help metabolize certain neurotransmitters

122
Q

what is the neuroglial cell in the CNS that makes myelin

A

oligodendrocyte

123
Q

what is the neuroglial cell in the CNS that lines spaces within the brain

A

ependymal cells

124
Q

neuroglial cell in PNS that makes myelin

A

Schwann cell

125
Q

what is the nucleated, cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cell

A

neurilemma

126
Q

what is another name for the cell body of neuron

A

soma
perikaryon

127
Q

rough ER in the perikaryon (soma) of a neuron goes by this name

A

Nissl Bodies

128
Q

a neuron with more than two extensions off of the soma

A

multipolar neuron

129
Q

a neuron with 2 extensions off of the soma

A

bipolar neuron

130
Q

a neuron with 1 extension off of the soma

A

unipolar neuron

131
Q

what is the stage in a twitch called when there is a change in charge across the membrane of a neuron due to Na+ influx

A

depolarization

132
Q

what is the name for the stage in a twitch when there is a reestablishment of membrane potential in a neuron due to K+ outflow

A

repolarization

133
Q

what is the term used to describe the propagation of the action potential at nodes of Ranvier only

A

saltatory conduction

134
Q

what are common neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system

A

noradrenaline, norepinephrine, acetylcholine

135
Q

what is a type of neurotransmitter that blocks plain

A

endorphins

136
Q

what is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

137
Q

what is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

138
Q

what is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in sleep and mood

139
Q

what is a neurotransmitter that is a gas and relaxes smooth muscle

A

nitric oxide

140
Q

what is the term used to describe the change in resting membrane potential when it becomes more negative

A

hyperpolarization

141
Q

what is the term used to describe a partial hyperpolarization caused by a neurotransmitter at the post synaptic membrane

A

IPSP

inhibitory post synaptic potential

142
Q

what is the word for combination of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) that makes it easier for the postsynaptic membrane to reach threshold

143
Q

what type of neuroglial cell in the PNS that maintains the environment around neurons

A

satellite cell

144
Q

what is the threshold amount that will open the Na+ voltage-gated channel at the node of Ranvier

145
Q

where would be a place where a chemically-gated channel can be found on a neuron

A

the post synaptic neuron membrane

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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