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Anatomy&Physiology I > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system include

A

the skin and its derivatives and accessory structures

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2
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system

A

regulation of body temperature
protection
sense of touch - nerve endings
excretion
vitamin D synthesis
blood flow regulation

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3
Q

what type of the epithelium does the skin contain

A

keratinizes stratified squamous epithelial tissue

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4
Q

what is excreted from the skin

A

water, heat, ions, oil

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5
Q

what is the purpose of vitamin D

A

aids in the absorption of calcium

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6
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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7
Q

what are characteristics of the epidermis

A

superficial epithelium
avascular
nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the capillaries from the dermal papillae

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8
Q

what cells are located in the epidermis and what are their functions

A

keratinocytes - make keratin
Langerhans cells - macrophages that protects against items
melanocytes - make melanin
Merkel cells - sensing touch

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9
Q

what is the stratum basale

A

the bottom part of the epidermis above the basement membrane that contains the melanocytes and merkel cells

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10
Q

cells near the free surface have more ______ than those near the basement membrane

A

karatin

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11
Q

what types of cell junctions are between keratinocytes

A

desmosomes

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12
Q

what do Langerhans cells do

A

they are macrophages that protect against unwanted substances like bacteria and viruses

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13
Q

what is another name for Langerhans Cells

A

dendritic cells

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14
Q

what is the functions of Merkel cells

A

for sensing touch

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15
Q

which body system do merkel cells integrate with

A

nervous

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16
Q

what happens in the stratum basale

A

mitosis
melanocytes make melanin
merkel cells sense touch

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17
Q

what happens in the stratum corneum

A

it is the top layer of dead skin cells that contain keratin to protect against abrasion

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18
Q

what is the stratum spinosum

A

above the stratum basale
contains pre-keratinized cells
contains Langerhans Cells - macrophages

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19
Q

what is the stratum granulosum

A

the area where cells become flatter and get more keratin

contains the Langerhans Cells

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20
Q

how long does it take for cells to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

A

15-30 days

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21
Q

where is thin skin located

A

eyelids, lips, genital regions

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22
Q

where is thick skin located

A

palms of the hands and soles of the feet

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23
Q

what layer of skin would be “thicker” in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

Epidermis

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24
Q

how many layers are in the dermis

A

2 main layers

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25
Q

what are the layers in the dermis

A

papillary layer and the reticular region

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26
Q

what is in the papillary region

A

areolar connective tissue in the top 1/5 and blood vessels in the dermis

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27
Q

what are dermal papillae

A

nipple like extensions of the dermis that contains blood vessels

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28
Q

what is the importance of the papillary region having papillae, when connecting the epidermis to the dermis

A

the papillary region contains blood vessels that gives the nutrients to the epidermis and for the touch receptors to aid in sensing

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29
Q

what is another name for the touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae

A

tactile corpuscles

or

Meissner corpuscles

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30
Q

what is the reticular region

A

dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis

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31
Q

why would dense irregular tissue be found in the reticular region

A

it provides more structure and support to the skin

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32
Q

what property would the reticular region give to the skin

A

strength and durability

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33
Q

does the reticular region of the dermis contain blood vessels

A

yes

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34
Q

what is the name for deep muscle receptors that are located deep in the dermis

A

lamellated corpuscles

or

Pacinian corpuscles

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35
Q

is the hypodermis part of the skin

A

no

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36
Q

what is another name for the hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer

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37
Q

what is the hypodermis made of

A

adipose tissue

38
Q

what is the purpose of the hypodermis

A

stores fat and provides insulation

39
Q

what main pigments are involved in skin color

A

melanin, carotene and hemoglobin

40
Q

what cells make melanin

A

melanocytes

41
Q

what is the purpose of melanin

A

to absorb UV rays so the cells don’t get harmed

42
Q

how do the number of melanocytes in the skin compare between people of different races (dark and light skin)

A

the number of melanocytes is the same among beings but the amount of melanin produced determines the skin color

more melanin produced from the melanocytes means a darker complexion

43
Q

what is a freckle

A

a spot with a higher concentration of melanin

44
Q

what is vitiligo

A

patches of discoloration or depigmentation of the skin

areas with no melanin

45
Q

what is albinism and how does one develop it

A

absence of pigment in the skin and hair (these are typically white) and in the eyes (typically pink)

develops from inheritance (genetics)

46
Q

in which layer is the pigment carotene found

A

the stratum corneum - most top layer

47
Q

what color does carotene give the skin

A

yellow or orange

48
Q

what vitamin is associated with carotene

A

vitamin A

49
Q

in regards to hemoglobin, how do oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin compare in color

A

oxygenated gives off a red color

deoxygenated gives off a blue color

50
Q

what is cyanosis

A

the lack of oxygen in hemoglobin

you can see the blue hue in thin epidermal skin

51
Q

what are the skin derivatives

A

hair, arrector pili muscle, glands, nails

52
Q

what is hair

A

an epidermal derivative that contains hard keratin

53
Q

what are the components of the hair and what do they do

A

shaft - part of hair we can see - melanin gives it color
root - contains the hair matrix that undergoes mitosis to make the hair strand itself, and the hair root plexus

54
Q

what is the root of the hair

A

a hair follicle with papilla that is surrounded by the root of the hair

55
Q

what is the purpose of the hair root papilla

A

it contains the blood vessels and provides nourishment to the hair follicle

56
Q

what is the function of the hair matrix

A

to undergo mitosis and create hair cells

57
Q

where does hair growth occur

A

in the hair matrix

58
Q

what is the purpose of the arrector pili muscles

A

they contract to make the hair shaft stand

59
Q

what type of muscle tissue is involved with the arrector pilis muscle

A

smooth muscle tissue because it is involuntary

60
Q

what are the types of glands

A

sebaceous glands
sudoriferous glands
ceruminous glands

61
Q

what type of tissue makes up glands

A

epithelial tissue

62
Q

what do sebaceous glands secrete and what type of secretion do they have

A

sebaceous glands secrete oil and they have holocrine secretion

holocrine - whole cell breaks off with substance inside

63
Q

what is the name for the oil that sebaceous glands secrete

A

sebum - mix of fat, cholesterol and salt

64
Q

where are sebaceous glands located

A

everywhere in the skin except the soles of feet and palms

65
Q

what do sudoriferous glands secrete and what type of secretion do they have

A

they secrete water and excretory products and they have apocrine AND merocrine secretion

66
Q

sweat glands play a role in ________ regulation

A

temperature regulation

67
Q

what is the difference between the products secreted by merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

A

merocrine is thru exocytosis and apocrine is thru the apical surface

68
Q

what is a ceruminous gland

A

a modified sweat gland that produces a sticky substance

69
Q

where would you find ceruminous glands

A

in the ears - ear wax

70
Q

what type of gland is the ceruminous gland

A

apocrine gland

71
Q

what are nails

A

keratinized cells packed very tightly (hard keratin)

72
Q

what are the derivatives of nails

A

nail root with matrix
nail plate that is visible - we see this

73
Q

why do nails appear pink

A

they have thin epithelial tissue

74
Q

name two similarities and two differences between the hair and nails

A

similarities: both have hard keratin and a root with a matrix

differences: hair contains a shaft, nails have thin epithelial tissue

75
Q

name three parts of the skin and derivatives where keratin is found

A

hair, nails, stratum corneum, cutaneous membrane

76
Q

how do wounds heal in the epidermis

A

epithelial cells will migrate towards each other until they touch each other (contact inhibition)

77
Q

will a wound that only involves the epidermis bleed

why or why not

A

it will NOT bleed

epidermis does not contain blood vessels

78
Q

how would a deep would heal

A

the same steps as tissue repair

inflammation phase, migratory phase, granulation/proliferation stage, maturation/scarring stage

79
Q

what is a keloid

A

intense scarring where scar tissue is now over the top skin layer and has a mushroom shape

80
Q

from which cell does basal cell carcinoma arise

A

basement membrane - stratum basale

81
Q

from which cells do squamous cell carcinoma arise

A

squamous cells

82
Q

from which cells does melanoma arise

A

melanocytes - worst

83
Q

what is affected in a first degree burn

A

epidermis only

84
Q

what is affected in a second degree burn

A

epidermis and part of the dermis

85
Q

what is affected in a third degree burn

A

epidermis and entire dermis

86
Q

what are signs of a first degree burn

A

redness, inflammation

87
Q

what are signs of a second degree burn

A

blistering, redness, inflammation, heat

88
Q

what are signs of a third degree burn

A

charring of the skin

89
Q

first and second degree burns can be called “partial thickness burns”. Why

A

the burn did not extend past the entire dermis

90
Q

why are third degree burns referred to as “full thickness burns”

A

they breached the entire dermis and epidermis

91
Q

why is a third degree burn often not painful

A

the nerves have been burned off so there are no electrical impulses for pain

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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