Integumentary system Flashcards
what does the integumentary system include
the skin and its derivatives and accessory structures
what are the functions of the integumentary system
regulation of body temperature
protection
sense of touch - nerve endings
excretion
vitamin D synthesis
blood flow regulation
what type of the epithelium does the skin contain
keratinizes stratified squamous epithelial tissue
what is excreted from the skin
water, heat, ions, oil
what is the purpose of vitamin D
aids in the absorption of calcium
what are the layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what are characteristics of the epidermis
superficial epithelium
avascular
nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the capillaries from the dermal papillae
what cells are located in the epidermis and what are their functions
keratinocytes - make keratin
Langerhans cells - macrophages that protects against items
melanocytes - make melanin
Merkel cells - sensing touch
what is the stratum basale
the bottom part of the epidermis above the basement membrane that contains the melanocytes and merkel cells
cells near the free surface have more ______ than those near the basement membrane
karatin
what types of cell junctions are between keratinocytes
desmosomes
what do Langerhans cells do
they are macrophages that protect against unwanted substances like bacteria and viruses
what is another name for Langerhans Cells
dendritic cells
what is the functions of Merkel cells
for sensing touch
which body system do merkel cells integrate with
nervous
what happens in the stratum basale
mitosis
melanocytes make melanin
merkel cells sense touch
what happens in the stratum corneum
it is the top layer of dead skin cells that contain keratin to protect against abrasion
what is the stratum spinosum
above the stratum basale
contains pre-keratinized cells
contains Langerhans Cells - macrophages
what is the stratum granulosum
the area where cells become flatter and get more keratin
contains the Langerhans Cells
how long does it take for cells to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
15-30 days
where is thin skin located
eyelids, lips, genital regions
where is thick skin located
palms of the hands and soles of the feet
what layer of skin would be “thicker” in thick skin
stratum lucidum
Epidermis
how many layers are in the dermis
2 main layers
what are the layers in the dermis
papillary layer and the reticular region
what is in the papillary region
areolar connective tissue in the top 1/5 and blood vessels in the dermis
what are dermal papillae
nipple like extensions of the dermis that contains blood vessels
what is the importance of the papillary region having papillae, when connecting the epidermis to the dermis
the papillary region contains blood vessels that gives the nutrients to the epidermis and for the touch receptors to aid in sensing
what is another name for the touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae
tactile corpuscles
or
Meissner corpuscles
what is the reticular region
dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis
why would dense irregular tissue be found in the reticular region
it provides more structure and support to the skin
what property would the reticular region give to the skin
strength and durability
does the reticular region of the dermis contain blood vessels
yes
what is the name for deep muscle receptors that are located deep in the dermis
lamellated corpuscles
or
Pacinian corpuscles
is the hypodermis part of the skin
no
what is another name for the hypodermis
subcutaneous layer
what is the hypodermis made of
adipose tissue
what is the purpose of the hypodermis
stores fat and provides insulation
what main pigments are involved in skin color
melanin, carotene and hemoglobin
what cells make melanin
melanocytes
what is the purpose of melanin
to absorb UV rays so the cells don’t get harmed
how do the number of melanocytes in the skin compare between people of different races (dark and light skin)
the number of melanocytes is the same among beings but the amount of melanin produced determines the skin color
more melanin produced from the melanocytes means a darker complexion
what is a freckle
a spot with a higher concentration of melanin
what is vitiligo
patches of discoloration or depigmentation of the skin
areas with no melanin
what is albinism and how does one develop it
absence of pigment in the skin and hair (these are typically white) and in the eyes (typically pink)
develops from inheritance (genetics)
in which layer is the pigment carotene found
the stratum corneum - most top layer
what color does carotene give the skin
yellow or orange
what vitamin is associated with carotene
vitamin A
in regards to hemoglobin, how do oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin compare in color
oxygenated gives off a red color
deoxygenated gives off a blue color
what is cyanosis
the lack of oxygen in hemoglobin
you can see the blue hue in thin epidermal skin
what are the skin derivatives
hair, arrector pili muscle, glands, nails
what is hair
an epidermal derivative that contains hard keratin
what are the components of the hair and what do they do
shaft - part of hair we can see - melanin gives it color
root - contains the hair matrix that undergoes mitosis to make the hair strand itself, and the hair root plexus
what is the root of the hair
a hair follicle with papilla that is surrounded by the root of the hair
what is the purpose of the hair root papilla
it contains the blood vessels and provides nourishment to the hair follicle
what is the function of the hair matrix
to undergo mitosis and create hair cells
where does hair growth occur
in the hair matrix
what is the purpose of the arrector pili muscles
they contract to make the hair shaft stand
what type of muscle tissue is involved with the arrector pilis muscle
smooth muscle tissue because it is involuntary
what are the types of glands
sebaceous glands
sudoriferous glands
ceruminous glands
what type of tissue makes up glands
epithelial tissue
what do sebaceous glands secrete and what type of secretion do they have
sebaceous glands secrete oil and they have holocrine secretion
holocrine - whole cell breaks off with substance inside
what is the name for the oil that sebaceous glands secrete
sebum - mix of fat, cholesterol and salt
where are sebaceous glands located
everywhere in the skin except the soles of feet and palms
what do sudoriferous glands secrete and what type of secretion do they have
they secrete water and excretory products and they have apocrine AND merocrine secretion
sweat glands play a role in ________ regulation
temperature regulation
what is the difference between the products secreted by merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands
merocrine is thru exocytosis and apocrine is thru the apical surface
what is a ceruminous gland
a modified sweat gland that produces a sticky substance
where would you find ceruminous glands
in the ears - ear wax
what type of gland is the ceruminous gland
apocrine gland
what are nails
keratinized cells packed very tightly (hard keratin)
what are the derivatives of nails
nail root with matrix
nail plate that is visible - we see this
why do nails appear pink
they have thin epithelial tissue
name two similarities and two differences between the hair and nails
similarities: both have hard keratin and a root with a matrix
differences: hair contains a shaft, nails have thin epithelial tissue
name three parts of the skin and derivatives where keratin is found
hair, nails, stratum corneum, cutaneous membrane
how do wounds heal in the epidermis
epithelial cells will migrate towards each other until they touch each other (contact inhibition)
will a wound that only involves the epidermis bleed
why or why not
it will NOT bleed
epidermis does not contain blood vessels
how would a deep would heal
the same steps as tissue repair
inflammation phase, migratory phase, granulation/proliferation stage, maturation/scarring stage
what is a keloid
intense scarring where scar tissue is now over the top skin layer and has a mushroom shape
from which cell does basal cell carcinoma arise
basement membrane - stratum basale
from which cells do squamous cell carcinoma arise
squamous cells
from which cells does melanoma arise
melanocytes - worst
what is affected in a first degree burn
epidermis only
what is affected in a second degree burn
epidermis and part of the dermis
what is affected in a third degree burn
epidermis and entire dermis
what are signs of a first degree burn
redness, inflammation
what are signs of a second degree burn
blistering, redness, inflammation, heat
what are signs of a third degree burn
charring of the skin
first and second degree burns can be called “partial thickness burns”. Why
the burn did not extend past the entire dermis
why are third degree burns referred to as “full thickness burns”
they breached the entire dermis and epidermis
why is a third degree burn often not painful
the nerves have been burned off so there are no electrical impulses for pain
