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Anatomy&Physiology I > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

for binding, support, protection, energy storage and transport

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2
Q

what are characteristics of connective tissue

A

connective tissue is vascular with the exception of CARTILAGE
widely scattered cells within a MATRIX that consists of GROUND SUBSTANCE and PROTEIN FIBERS
contain good nerve supply
DO NOT have an apical/free surface

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3
Q

what are the components of the matrix in connective tissue

A

protein fibers that include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers that vary in numbers
ground substance

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4
Q

what does the ground substance do

A

it binds cells together and usually determines the characteristics of tissue

watery ground substance - transport
stiff ground substance - support

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5
Q

what is the most common type of ground substance that gives almost an egg white consistency

A

hyaluronic acid

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6
Q

how are protein fibers produced

A

through fibroblasts

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7
Q

what type of function does the protein collagen give in connective tissues

A

it is tough and flexible

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8
Q

what type of function does the protein elastin give in connective tissues

A

makes elastic fibers in connective tissues and gives elasticity (stretchiness) and strength

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9
Q

what type of function do the reticular fibers give in connective tissues

A

is the networking fibers

it provides the framework for organs that include the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and trachea

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10
Q

why would a connective tissue need to have fibroblasts in its matrix

A

so it can make the necessary fibers for function

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11
Q

what do macrophages do

A

macrophages perform as phagocytes. they perform phagocytosis to bacteria and other unwanted substances

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12
Q

What are mast cells and what do they do

A

mast cells are cells that aid in the inflammation response
mast cells release histamine or heparin
these cells are responsible for swelling, redness, and other inflammation responses

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13
Q

what are adipocytes and what do they do

A

adipocytes are fat containing cells
they store fat as an energy source, insulation and as protection

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14
Q

what is the difference between connective tissue and epithelial tissue

A

epithelial tissue is avascular while connective tissue is vascular
both contain nerve endings

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15
Q

T/F

connective tissue supplies nutrients to the basement membranes of epithelial tissue

A

True

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16
Q

_________ can differentiate into most other connective tissue cells or remain as star-shaped cells in tissue. they are predominant in embryonic connective tissue and almost absent in adults

A

mesenchymal cells
mesenchyme’s

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17
Q

the embryonic skeleton is primarily made of ______ cartilage and in adults it is primarily only in your nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

what are the scattered cells in the mesenchyme

A

stem cells

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19
Q

what makes up the matrix of mesenchymal cells

A

very fine collagen fibers and stem cells

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20
Q

what do mesenchymal cells do

A

create multiple tissues in embryos as they develop

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21
Q

what is loose connective tissue

A

connective tissue where the fibers are “loose” or scattered

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22
Q

what is areolar tissue and where can you find it within the body

A

areolar tissue is tissue that provides lose padding and support
you can find areolar tissue under the basement membrane of epithelial tissues and is often referred to as the packing material of the body

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23
Q

what type of fibers are in the matrix of areolar tissue and what is the ground substance

A

the ground substance is hyaluronic acid and the fibers within the matrix include collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers

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24
Q

what is adipose tissue and where can it be found

A

adipose tissue is subcutaneous tissue that surrounds organs
adipose tissue is found where areolar tissue is found. typically under it
adipose tissue can either be white or brown fat

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25
Q

what is white fat in regards to adipose tissue

A

white fat is a fat cell that contains one triglyceride droplet (one fat vacuole) per cell

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26
Q

what is brown fat in regards to adipose tissue

A

brown fat is several fat droplets per cell

this is primarily found in newborns

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27
Q

Y/N

do adipocytes undergo mitosis in adults

A

No

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28
Q

what are the functions of adipose tissue

A

energy storage and prevents heat loss

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29
Q

what is the matrix of adipose tissue and what are the major cells

A

major cells are adipocytes
the matrix is the same as areolar (collagen, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers in hyaluronic acid)

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30
Q

what is reticular connective tissue and where can you find it within the body

A

reticular connective tissue is a network of reticular fibers that gives organs support

you can find reticular connective tissue around the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and liver

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31
Q

what is the matrix of reticular connective tissue

A

a network of reticular fibers with ground substance

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32
Q

what is dense connective tissue

A

connective tissue with fibers that are densely populated therefore making it extremely strong

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33
Q

describe dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers run in one direction parallel to each other
strength in one direction
contains many fibroblasts
the matrix is almost entirely collagen fibers

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34
Q

where can you find dense regular connective tissue

A

in tendons (connects muscle to bone), in ligaments (connects bone to bone) and aponeuroses (flat tendons)

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35
Q

describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers run in many directions
gives strength in many directions
contains many fibroblasts
the matrix is almost entirely collagen fibers running in many direction

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36
Q

where can you find dense irregular connective tissue

A

in the valves of the heart, the dermis of the skin, the periosteum, the perichondrium, and in joint capsules

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37
Q

describe elastic connective tissue

A

provides stretching and recoiling
contains many fibroblasts
the matrix contains primarily elastic fibers

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38
Q

where can you find elastic connective tissue

A

elastic arteries, true vocal cords

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39
Q

what is cartilage

A

Connective tissue located at the ends of bones to aid in protection

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40
Q

why is cartilage unique

A

it is the only type of connective tissue that is avascular and does not contain nerve supply

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41
Q

how does cartilage get nutrients if it does not contain blood vessels

A

there are blood vessels called perichondrium that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage for repair

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42
Q

what is the perichondrium

A

blood vessels on the outside of the cartilage that supply the cartilage with nutrients
the perichondrium protects the bones, nourishes the cartilage through blood vessels and facilitates cartilage growth

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43
Q

what type of tissue makes up the perichondrium

A

fibrous dense irregular tissue and an inner cell layer

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44
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

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45
Q

What type of cells are in hyaline cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae

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46
Q

What is a lacuna

A

The space around the chondrocyte

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47
Q

Why is the chondrocyte in a lacuna

A

To gain nutrients and protection

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48
Q

What is the ground substance of cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine

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49
Q

________________ is the type of cartilage that makes up the menisci of the knee, intervertebral disks and the symphysis pubis

A

Fibrous cartilage

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50
Q

What are the scattered cells in fibrous cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae

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51
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage

A

The auricle (ear) and the epiglottis (flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing)

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52
Q

Where can you find compact bone

A

Shaft of long bones, outside portions of flat bones

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53
Q

What are the scattered cells in compact bone

A

Osteoblasts and osteocytes in lacunae

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54
Q

What do osteoblasts do

A

They create the matrix called osteoid that calcifies to give bone it’s hardness

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55
Q

What is the relationship between the osteoblast and osteocyte

A

Osteoblast = make osteoid matrix
Osteocyte = bone cell

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56
Q

Why is it essential that bones have collagen in their matrix

A

The collagen adds structure and hardness and some flexibility

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57
Q

What is compact bone made of

A

Units called osteoblast

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58
Q

What are the “rings” of an osteon called

A

Lamellae

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59
Q

Where is the Haversian/Central canal located and what does it consist

A

In the center of compact bone containing blood vessels

60
Q

What connects the osteocytes in lacunae to the Haversian canal

A

Canaliculi

61
Q

Where can you find spongy bone

A

Ends of long bones (the epiphysis) and the middle of flat bones

62
Q

T/F

Spongy bone is as strong as compact bone

A

False

63
Q

What substance is in the spaces of spongy bone

A

Red bone marrow that makes blood cells

64
Q

What are the scattered cells in spongy bone

A

Osteocytes in lacunae

65
Q

How many types of fluid connective tissue are there and what are they

A

2 types - blood and lymph

66
Q

Where can you find blood as a connective tissue

A

In blood vessels

67
Q

What are the scattered cells in blood

A

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

68
Q

What is the term referring to the matrix of blood

A

Plasma

69
Q

Why is the matrix of the blood fluid

A

To transfer nutrients from one end of the body to the other and to pick up substances

70
Q

T/F

Lymph is NOT. A connective tissue

A

False

71
Q

Where can you find lymph in reference to it being a liquid connective tissue

A

In lymph vessels

72
Q

What is the function of lymph

A

For immunity, carry away interstitial fluid

73
Q

What is the scattered cell(s) in lymph

A

White blood cells aka leukocytes

74
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

75
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

VOLUNTARY movement of the skeleton, production of heat and posture

76
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

long cylindrical cells that run the length of the muscle
multinucleated cells
contains striations

77
Q

can skeletal muscle cells regenerate

A

there is limited regeneration through satellite stem cells

78
Q

what are the functions of cardiac muscle tissue

A

involuntary heart contractions and pumping of blood

79
Q

what are characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A

branched cells connected by intercalated discs
connected by desmosomes and gap junctions
typically uninucleate but can be dinucleate
contains striations

80
Q

can cardiac muscle tissue regenerate

A

no

81
Q

where can you find smooth muscle tissue

A

at the lining of internal organs

82
Q

what are functions of smooth muscle tissue

A

involuntary contraction and relaxation
regulates blood pressure
moves food through the gastrointestinal tract
moves urine through the urinary tract

83
Q

what are cell characteristics of smooth muscle tissue

A

spindle or banana shaped
long and tapered
one nucleus per cell
no striations
involuntary

84
Q

can smooth muscle tissue regenerate

A

yes

85
Q

what is another name for nervous tissue

A

neural tissue

86
Q

what is the function of neural tissue

A

to conduct electrical impulses

87
Q

where is neural tissue located

A

concentrated in the central nervous system (CNS)
-> brain and spinal cord

88
Q

will a nerve cell regenerate if damaged

A

no

89
Q

what does PNS stand for

A

peripheral nervous system

90
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of/located at

A

the nerves of arms and legs

91
Q

what type of cells are in neural tissue

A

neurons and neuroglial cells

92
Q

what is another name for neuroglial cells

A

glial cells

93
Q

what do neuroglia do

A

support the neurons by providing nutrients, repair tissue framework after injury, regulate composition of interstitial fluid (fluid around the cell)

94
Q

what are characteristics of neuroglia

A

able to perform mitosis
support the neurons

95
Q

if there is a brain tumor, it must arise from _______________. why?

A

glial cells

glial cells are able to perform mitosis while neuroglia are not

96
Q

are neurons mitotic or amitotic

A

amitotic (no mitosis)

97
Q

what are the parts of a neuron

A

soma (cell body that contains all regular cell organelles)
dendrites (cell extension that looks like tree branches)
axons (long cell extension that has “roots”)

98
Q

what are membranes

A

epithelium (top layer) and connective tissue (bottom layer) together
a physical barrier that lines or covers portions of the body

99
Q

what type of connective tissue is always under epithelial tissue

A

areolar tissue

100
Q

what does a mucous membrane do

A

lines passage ways with external connections with a different epithelial tissue and makes mucin (mucous)

101
Q

mucous membranes contain what type of epithelial tissue

A

simple columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells that secrete mucous and cilia

102
Q

epithelial surfaces must be moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption and __________

A

excretion/secretion

103
Q

what is the name given to areolar tissue in regards to the mucous membrane

A

lamina propria

104
Q

where can you find mucous membranes

A

digestive tract
respiratory tract
urinary tract
reproductive tract

105
Q

why would mucous membrane cells contain cilia and goblet cells

A

goblet cells secrete mucous to increase moisture and aid in reducing friction
cilia are used to move the mucous along the membrane

106
Q

why does the digestive tract contain mucous membranes and goblet cells

A

to aid in reducing friction and movement of food substances

107
Q

why would the respiratory tract contain mucous membranes

A

to trap debris or necessary nutrients

108
Q

why would the urinary tract contain mucous membranes

A

to stop necessary things from being urinated out of the body

109
Q

what do serous membranes line

A

they line body cavities

110
Q

what does serous membrane produce

A

watery like fluid to reduce friction

111
Q

what type of tissues and cells are in serous membranes

A

epithelial tissue
areolar tissue
simple squamous cells

112
Q

where would you find serous membranes

A

in body cavities such as the pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura

113
Q

what type of serous membrane is visceral pleura

A

serous membrane lining of the lungs

114
Q

what type of serous membrane is parietal pleura

A

serous membrane lining the cavity of the lungs

115
Q

what type of serous membrane is visceral pericardium

A

serous membrane lining that lays on the heart

116
Q

what type of serous membrane is parietal pericardium

A

serous membrane lining the cavity of the heart

117
Q

what type of serous membrane is visceral peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic organs

118
Q

what type of serous membrane is parietal peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity containing all the abdominal organs

119
Q

what is mesothelium

A

the simple squamous epithelial tissue in the abdominal and thoracic cavity

120
Q

what is another word for cutaneous membrane

A

skin

121
Q

cutaneous membrane is an organ system consisting of __________________________ types of cells

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

122
Q

what is keratin and what does it do

A

a protein that protects against abrasion

123
Q

is cutaneous membrane a moist or dry membrane

A

dry membrane

124
Q

where can you find synovial membranes

A

lining most joints and lining the bursa

125
Q

what is bursa

A

closed, fluid-filled sacs that work as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between joints

typically found in large joints - shoulders, elbows, hips, knees

126
Q

what substance secures the synovial fluid in a synovial capsule

A

hyaluronic acid

127
Q

what type of cartilage do synovial membranes encloes

A

hyaline cartilage

128
Q

what do synovial membranes produce

A

synovial fluid

129
Q

what does synovial fluid do

A

lubricates the joint

130
Q

what types of tissues are located at the synovial membrane

A

areolar and epithelial tissue

mostly areolar tissue

131
Q

what is the first phase of tissue repair

A

inflammation phase

132
Q

explain the inflammation and migratory phase.

A

in the inflammation and migratory phase, there is swelling, redness and bleeding. with the bleeding, the blood vessels will dilate to allow for more blood flow to bring in macrophages, erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets to patch the hole. mast cells are triggered therefore releasing histamine for an increase of inflammation in the area.

133
Q

what do mast cells do in regards to phase 1 of tissue repair

A

in phase 1, inflammation and migratory phase, the mast cells release histamine to cause inflammation

134
Q

what are the signs of inflammation

A

swelling
redness
heat
pain

135
Q

what is the second phase of tissue repair

A

granulation phase

aka

proliferation

136
Q

what happens during the granulation phase of tissue repair

A

building/budding of new blood vessels
layers of connective tissue begins to repair via fibroblasts
platelets make a plug for the hole and it will start to become a scar

137
Q

what is the third phase of tissue repair

A

maturation

138
Q

what happens during the maturation phase of tissue repair

A

regeneration of scarring

139
Q

what will happen if during the maturation phase of tissue repair if the cells start to regenerate

A

normal function will be restored and the tissue will return to normal

140
Q

what will happen if during the maturation phase of tissue repair if the cells do not regenerate and scar tissue is formed instead

A

fibrosis
scar tissue is formed
damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue that is mainly collagen
the function will NOT be restored

141
Q

what does parenchyma lead to during the maturation phase of tissue repair

A

leads to functional regenerated cells

142
Q

what does the stroma lead to during the maturation phase of tissue repair

A

leads to scarring that is made from collagen

143
Q

what causes fibrosis

A

fibroblasts making a lot of collagen fibers to form scar tissue

144
Q

why is inflammation actually helpful for tissue repair

A

inflammation brings more erythrocytes, leukocytes, macrophages and platelets to start the process of repairing the tissue

145
Q

what cells are attracted to areas of inflammation

A

macro/microphages, platelets and leukocytes (WBC)

146
Q

what are the factors that affect tissue repair

A

nutrition - vitamins are necessary for good repair
blood circulation - the better the circulation the better the repair
age - younger age, better tissue repair
metabolic rate - higher metabolism, faster repair

147
Q

what vitamins are necessary for epithelial tissue repair, enzyme system repair, collagen, calcium, and scarring

A

vitamin A - epithelial
vitamin B - enzyme system
vitamin C - collagen
vitamin D - calcium
vitamin E - to prevent scarring

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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