Connective Tissues Flashcards
what is the function of connective tissue
for binding, support, protection, energy storage and transport
what are characteristics of connective tissue
connective tissue is vascular with the exception of CARTILAGE
widely scattered cells within a MATRIX that consists of GROUND SUBSTANCE and PROTEIN FIBERS
contain good nerve supply
DO NOT have an apical/free surface
what are the components of the matrix in connective tissue
protein fibers that include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers that vary in numbers
ground substance
what does the ground substance do
it binds cells together and usually determines the characteristics of tissue
watery ground substance - transport
stiff ground substance - support
what is the most common type of ground substance that gives almost an egg white consistency
hyaluronic acid
how are protein fibers produced
through fibroblasts
what type of function does the protein collagen give in connective tissues
it is tough and flexible
what type of function does the protein elastin give in connective tissues
makes elastic fibers in connective tissues and gives elasticity (stretchiness) and strength
what type of function do the reticular fibers give in connective tissues
is the networking fibers
it provides the framework for organs that include the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and trachea
why would a connective tissue need to have fibroblasts in its matrix
so it can make the necessary fibers for function
what do macrophages do
macrophages perform as phagocytes. they perform phagocytosis to bacteria and other unwanted substances
What are mast cells and what do they do
mast cells are cells that aid in the inflammation response
mast cells release histamine or heparin
these cells are responsible for swelling, redness, and other inflammation responses
what are adipocytes and what do they do
adipocytes are fat containing cells
they store fat as an energy source, insulation and as protection
what is the difference between connective tissue and epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue is avascular while connective tissue is vascular
both contain nerve endings
T/F
connective tissue supplies nutrients to the basement membranes of epithelial tissue
True
_________ can differentiate into most other connective tissue cells or remain as star-shaped cells in tissue. they are predominant in embryonic connective tissue and almost absent in adults
mesenchymal cells
mesenchyme’s
the embryonic skeleton is primarily made of ______ cartilage and in adults it is primarily only in your nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
hyaline cartilage
what are the scattered cells in the mesenchyme
stem cells
what makes up the matrix of mesenchymal cells
very fine collagen fibers and stem cells
what do mesenchymal cells do
create multiple tissues in embryos as they develop
what is loose connective tissue
connective tissue where the fibers are “loose” or scattered
what is areolar tissue and where can you find it within the body
areolar tissue is tissue that provides lose padding and support
you can find areolar tissue under the basement membrane of epithelial tissues and is often referred to as the packing material of the body
what type of fibers are in the matrix of areolar tissue and what is the ground substance
the ground substance is hyaluronic acid and the fibers within the matrix include collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers
what is adipose tissue and where can it be found
adipose tissue is subcutaneous tissue that surrounds organs
adipose tissue is found where areolar tissue is found. typically under it
adipose tissue can either be white or brown fat
what is white fat in regards to adipose tissue
white fat is a fat cell that contains one triglyceride droplet (one fat vacuole) per cell
what is brown fat in regards to adipose tissue
brown fat is several fat droplets per cell
this is primarily found in newborns
Y/N
do adipocytes undergo mitosis in adults
No
what are the functions of adipose tissue
energy storage and prevents heat loss
what is the matrix of adipose tissue and what are the major cells
major cells are adipocytes
the matrix is the same as areolar (collagen, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers in hyaluronic acid)
what is reticular connective tissue and where can you find it within the body
reticular connective tissue is a network of reticular fibers that gives organs support
you can find reticular connective tissue around the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and liver
what is the matrix of reticular connective tissue
a network of reticular fibers with ground substance
what is dense connective tissue
connective tissue with fibers that are densely populated therefore making it extremely strong
describe dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers run in one direction parallel to each other
strength in one direction
contains many fibroblasts
the matrix is almost entirely collagen fibers
where can you find dense regular connective tissue
in tendons (connects muscle to bone), in ligaments (connects bone to bone) and aponeuroses (flat tendons)
describe dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers run in many directions
gives strength in many directions
contains many fibroblasts
the matrix is almost entirely collagen fibers running in many direction
where can you find dense irregular connective tissue
in the valves of the heart, the dermis of the skin, the periosteum, the perichondrium, and in joint capsules
describe elastic connective tissue
provides stretching and recoiling
contains many fibroblasts
the matrix contains primarily elastic fibers
where can you find elastic connective tissue
elastic arteries, true vocal cords
what is cartilage
Connective tissue located at the ends of bones to aid in protection
why is cartilage unique
it is the only type of connective tissue that is avascular and does not contain nerve supply
how does cartilage get nutrients if it does not contain blood vessels
there are blood vessels called perichondrium that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage for repair
what is the perichondrium
blood vessels on the outside of the cartilage that supply the cartilage with nutrients
the perichondrium protects the bones, nourishes the cartilage through blood vessels and facilitates cartilage growth
what type of tissue makes up the perichondrium
fibrous dense irregular tissue and an inner cell layer
What is the most common type of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
What type of cells are in hyaline cartilage
Chondrocytes in lacunae
What is a lacuna
The space around the chondrocyte
Why is the chondrocyte in a lacuna
To gain nutrients and protection
What is the ground substance of cartilage
Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine
________________ is the type of cartilage that makes up the menisci of the knee, intervertebral disks and the symphysis pubis
Fibrous cartilage
What are the scattered cells in fibrous cartilage
Chondrocytes in lacunae
Where can you find elastic cartilage
The auricle (ear) and the epiglottis (flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing)
Where can you find compact bone
Shaft of long bones, outside portions of flat bones
What are the scattered cells in compact bone
Osteoblasts and osteocytes in lacunae
What do osteoblasts do
They create the matrix called osteoid that calcifies to give bone it’s hardness
What is the relationship between the osteoblast and osteocyte
Osteoblast = make osteoid matrix
Osteocyte = bone cell
Why is it essential that bones have collagen in their matrix
The collagen adds structure and hardness and some flexibility
What is compact bone made of
Units called osteoblast
What are the “rings” of an osteon called
Lamellae
Where is the Haversian/Central canal located and what does it consist
In the center of compact bone containing blood vessels
What connects the osteocytes in lacunae to the Haversian canal
Canaliculi
Where can you find spongy bone
Ends of long bones (the epiphysis) and the middle of flat bones
T/F
Spongy bone is as strong as compact bone
False
What substance is in the spaces of spongy bone
Red bone marrow that makes blood cells
What are the scattered cells in spongy bone
Osteocytes in lacunae
How many types of fluid connective tissue are there and what are they
2 types - blood and lymph
Where can you find blood as a connective tissue
In blood vessels
What are the scattered cells in blood
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets
What is the term referring to the matrix of blood
Plasma
Why is the matrix of the blood fluid
To transfer nutrients from one end of the body to the other and to pick up substances
T/F
Lymph is NOT. A connective tissue
False
Where can you find lymph in reference to it being a liquid connective tissue
In lymph vessels
What is the function of lymph
For immunity, carry away interstitial fluid
What is the scattered cell(s) in lymph
White blood cells aka leukocytes
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
what is the function of skeletal muscle tissue
VOLUNTARY movement of the skeleton, production of heat and posture
what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
long cylindrical cells that run the length of the muscle
multinucleated cells
contains striations
can skeletal muscle cells regenerate
there is limited regeneration through satellite stem cells
what are the functions of cardiac muscle tissue
involuntary heart contractions and pumping of blood
what are characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
branched cells connected by intercalated discs
connected by desmosomes and gap junctions
typically uninucleate but can be dinucleate
contains striations
can cardiac muscle tissue regenerate
no
where can you find smooth muscle tissue
at the lining of internal organs
what are functions of smooth muscle tissue
involuntary contraction and relaxation
regulates blood pressure
moves food through the gastrointestinal tract
moves urine through the urinary tract
what are cell characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
spindle or banana shaped
long and tapered
one nucleus per cell
no striations
involuntary
can smooth muscle tissue regenerate
yes
what is another name for nervous tissue
neural tissue
what is the function of neural tissue
to conduct electrical impulses
where is neural tissue located
concentrated in the central nervous system (CNS)
-> brain and spinal cord
will a nerve cell regenerate if damaged
no
what does PNS stand for
peripheral nervous system
what does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of/located at
the nerves of arms and legs
what type of cells are in neural tissue
neurons and neuroglial cells
what is another name for neuroglial cells
glial cells
what do neuroglia do
support the neurons by providing nutrients, repair tissue framework after injury, regulate composition of interstitial fluid (fluid around the cell)
what are characteristics of neuroglia
able to perform mitosis
support the neurons
if there is a brain tumor, it must arise from _______________. why?
glial cells
glial cells are able to perform mitosis while neuroglia are not
are neurons mitotic or amitotic
amitotic (no mitosis)
what are the parts of a neuron
soma (cell body that contains all regular cell organelles)
dendrites (cell extension that looks like tree branches)
axons (long cell extension that has “roots”)
what are membranes
epithelium (top layer) and connective tissue (bottom layer) together
a physical barrier that lines or covers portions of the body
what type of connective tissue is always under epithelial tissue
areolar tissue
what does a mucous membrane do
lines passage ways with external connections with a different epithelial tissue and makes mucin (mucous)
mucous membranes contain what type of epithelial tissue
simple columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells that secrete mucous and cilia
epithelial surfaces must be moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption and __________
excretion/secretion
what is the name given to areolar tissue in regards to the mucous membrane
lamina propria
where can you find mucous membranes
digestive tract
respiratory tract
urinary tract
reproductive tract
why would mucous membrane cells contain cilia and goblet cells
goblet cells secrete mucous to increase moisture and aid in reducing friction
cilia are used to move the mucous along the membrane
why does the digestive tract contain mucous membranes and goblet cells
to aid in reducing friction and movement of food substances
why would the respiratory tract contain mucous membranes
to trap debris or necessary nutrients
why would the urinary tract contain mucous membranes
to stop necessary things from being urinated out of the body
what do serous membranes line
they line body cavities
what does serous membrane produce
watery like fluid to reduce friction
what type of tissues and cells are in serous membranes
epithelial tissue
areolar tissue
simple squamous cells
where would you find serous membranes
in body cavities such as the pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura
what type of serous membrane is visceral pleura
serous membrane lining of the lungs
what type of serous membrane is parietal pleura
serous membrane lining the cavity of the lungs
what type of serous membrane is visceral pericardium
serous membrane lining that lays on the heart
what type of serous membrane is parietal pericardium
serous membrane lining the cavity of the heart
what type of serous membrane is visceral peritoneum
serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic organs
what type of serous membrane is parietal peritoneum
serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity containing all the abdominal organs
what is mesothelium
the simple squamous epithelial tissue in the abdominal and thoracic cavity
what is another word for cutaneous membrane
skin
cutaneous membrane is an organ system consisting of __________________________ types of cells
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what is keratin and what does it do
a protein that protects against abrasion
is cutaneous membrane a moist or dry membrane
dry membrane
where can you find synovial membranes
lining most joints and lining the bursa
what is bursa
closed, fluid-filled sacs that work as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between joints
typically found in large joints - shoulders, elbows, hips, knees
what substance secures the synovial fluid in a synovial capsule
hyaluronic acid
what type of cartilage do synovial membranes encloes
hyaline cartilage
what do synovial membranes produce
synovial fluid
what does synovial fluid do
lubricates the joint
what types of tissues are located at the synovial membrane
areolar and epithelial tissue
mostly areolar tissue
what is the first phase of tissue repair
inflammation phase
explain the inflammation and migratory phase.
in the inflammation and migratory phase, there is swelling, redness and bleeding. with the bleeding, the blood vessels will dilate to allow for more blood flow to bring in macrophages, erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets to patch the hole. mast cells are triggered therefore releasing histamine for an increase of inflammation in the area.
what do mast cells do in regards to phase 1 of tissue repair
in phase 1, inflammation and migratory phase, the mast cells release histamine to cause inflammation
what are the signs of inflammation
swelling
redness
heat
pain
what is the second phase of tissue repair
granulation phase
aka
proliferation
what happens during the granulation phase of tissue repair
building/budding of new blood vessels
layers of connective tissue begins to repair via fibroblasts
platelets make a plug for the hole and it will start to become a scar
what is the third phase of tissue repair
maturation
what happens during the maturation phase of tissue repair
regeneration of scarring
what will happen if during the maturation phase of tissue repair if the cells start to regenerate
normal function will be restored and the tissue will return to normal
what will happen if during the maturation phase of tissue repair if the cells do not regenerate and scar tissue is formed instead
fibrosis
scar tissue is formed
damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue that is mainly collagen
the function will NOT be restored
what does parenchyma lead to during the maturation phase of tissue repair
leads to functional regenerated cells
what does the stroma lead to during the maturation phase of tissue repair
leads to scarring that is made from collagen
what causes fibrosis
fibroblasts making a lot of collagen fibers to form scar tissue
why is inflammation actually helpful for tissue repair
inflammation brings more erythrocytes, leukocytes, macrophages and platelets to start the process of repairing the tissue
what cells are attracted to areas of inflammation
macro/microphages, platelets and leukocytes (WBC)
what are the factors that affect tissue repair
nutrition - vitamins are necessary for good repair
blood circulation - the better the circulation the better the repair
age - younger age, better tissue repair
metabolic rate - higher metabolism, faster repair
what vitamins are necessary for epithelial tissue repair, enzyme system repair, collagen, calcium, and scarring
vitamin A - epithelial
vitamin B - enzyme system
vitamin C - collagen
vitamin D - calcium
vitamin E - to prevent scarring
