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Anatomy&Physiology I > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main regions of the brain

A

cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem

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2
Q

what are the functions of the cerebrum

A

thinking, consciousness, sensory perception, motor movement

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3
Q

what are the functions of the diencephalon

A

hormonal control, control of smooth muscle, temperature regulation, etc.

these are all the thalami

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4
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A

balance and equilibrium

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5
Q

what are the functions of the brain stem

A

control vital centers (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.)

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6
Q

what are meninges

A

layer of tissue covering the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what are the layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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8
Q

what is dura mater made of

A

fibrous connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

dura mater extending into the longitudinal fissure of the brain and attaches to the skull at the ethmoid bone

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10
Q

what is the subdural space

A

the space under the dura mater

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11
Q

what is a subdural hematoma

A

a hematoma between the dura and the arachnoid

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12
Q

what is an epidural hematoma

A

a hematoma between the dura and the cranium

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13
Q

what is the arachnoid meningeal layer made of

A

thin collagen and elastic fibers

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14
Q

what are arachnoid villi

A

places where arachnoid protrudes through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus

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15
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater

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16
Q

what is inside the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid - csf

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17
Q

what is the pia mater made of

A

fine collagen and elastic fibers that extend into the sulci of the brain

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18
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid made of

A

99% water
70% glucose
ions - Mg2+, Na+, Cl-
less protein than blood

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20
Q

what is the purpose of csf

A

to maintain a proper environment for the brain, regulate intracranial pressure, and has nutrition and excretory functions

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21
Q

where is csf made

A

in the ventricles of the brain

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22
Q

what two ventricles is the choroid plexus made of

A

the lateral ventricles

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23
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

the lining of the lateral ventricles

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24
Q

what is the function of the choroid plexus

A

to secrete and recycle csf

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25
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

cells that line the spaces between the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

why are ependymal cells important in regards to the flow of csf

A

the ependymal cells help move the csf aroumd the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a barrier made of astrocytes that ensures the environment of the brain is controlled

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28
Q

what is a brain ventricle

A

cavities in the brain that secrete and recycle csf
they also protect the brain by maintaining buoyancy

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29
Q

how many ventricles are there total and name them

A

lateral ventricles (L/R) - 2
third ventricle - 1
fourth ventricle - 1

there are 4 ventricles total

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30
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct

A

the narrow connection between the 3rd nd 4th ventricle

the canal that leads to the 4th ventricle

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31
Q

what ventricles are connected by the cerebral aqueduct

A

the third and fourth ventricles

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32
Q

what is another name for the cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

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33
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus

A

a large vein that is located in the longitudinal fissure of the brain between the layers of dura mater

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34
Q

what is the flow of csf in order

A

lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
third ventricle
mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct
fourth ventricle
subarachnoid space OR central canal
arachnoid villi
superior sagittal sinus

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35
Q

what is the term for is more csf is produced than absorbed in the superior sagittal sinus

A

hydrocephalus

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36
Q

what is the danger of hydrocephalus

A

the csf isn’t absorbed properly so it causes pressure and bulging on the brain, causing brain damage

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37
Q

what is located in grey matter

A

unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies

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38
Q

what is located in white matter

A

myelinated axons, axons of neural cell bodies

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39
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the grey matter on the periphery of the cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

what are the 3 major types of tracts/fibers in the brain

A

commissural tracts
association tracts
projection tracts

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41
Q

what is a commissural tract

A

a tract that foes from right to left and left to right

a tract that connects the left and right brains

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42
Q

what is an association tract

A

a tract that connects one part of the cortex from another part of the cortex on the same side

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43
Q

what is a projection tract

A

a tract that runs from the cortex to the lower brain organs

lower brain organs meaning the diencephalon and the brain stem

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44
Q

what do commissural tracts connect

A

both right and left hemispheres

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45
Q

what do association tracts connect

A

the gyri and lobes in the same hemisphere

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46
Q

what do projection tracts connect

A

the cortex with the spinal cord and muscles

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47
Q

are tracts white or grey matter

A

white matter

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48
Q

what is a gyrus

A

the folded structures on the brain that allows more cortex for integrative nerve function

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49
Q

what is a sulcus

A

the indentations in between the gyri in the cerebrum

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50
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

the large crevice between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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51
Q

what large vein is located in the longitudinal fissure

A

superior sagittal sinus

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52
Q

what is the purpose of the superior sagittal sinus

A

to carry blood to the brain

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53
Q

what is the central sulcus

A

the groove between the frontal and parietal lobes

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54
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital,

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55
Q

in what lobe is the precentral gyrus located in

A

the frontal lobe

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56
Q

in what lobe is the postcentral gyrus located in

A

the parietal lobes

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57
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the outer portion of the cerebrum

58
Q

what type of matter does the cerebral cortex consist of

A

grey matter

59
Q

which gyrus is responsible for primary motor control

A

precentral gyrus

60
Q

what specifically is controlled by the primary motor cortex

A

the descending motor responses

61
Q

what is a pyramidal cell

A

a neuron with a triangular shape

62
Q

what is meant by the direct motor system aka the pyramidal motor system

A

the system of both voluntary motor and somatic motor systems

63
Q

what happens in the precentral gyrus

A

voluntary motor movement begins here

64
Q

much of the frontal love contains the premotor cortex for ____________ skills

A

learned motor skills

65
Q

what is broca’s are responsible for

A

motor speech
allows for articulation of words

66
Q

which gyrus is responsible for somatosensory control/sensory control

A

postcentral gyrus

67
Q

in which lobe is the postcentral gyrus

A

parietal lobes

68
Q

what specifically is controlled by the postcentral gyrus

A

ascending sensory intake

69
Q

sensory input on the right side of the body will travel to the ____________ postcentral gyrus

A

left post central gyrus

70
Q

sensory input on the left side of the body will travel to the _________ postcentral gyrus

A

right

71
Q

what is wernicke’s area

A

area in parietal love responsible for general interpretation of what is seen and heard

72
Q

what will happen if there is damage to the wenicke area

A

there will be a difficulty in interpreting sounds, words, and more

73
Q

what will happen if there is damage to broca’s area

A

a patient will have difficulty speaking. they will know what words they want to say but the words will not come out

74
Q

what are basal nuclei

A

grey matter areas of the brain located deep in the brain

75
Q

what is the function of basal nuclei

A

send/receive signals from the substantia nigra (midbrain) and cerebral cortex

plays a role in automatic movements (moving arms while walking)

modifies movement to make sure it is appropriate for the task

makes the neurotransmitter dopamine

76
Q

what is a disease involving the lack of dopamine to the basal nuclei

A

parkinson’s disease

77
Q

what happens in parkinsons disease

A

uncontrolled movements

78
Q

what is the substantia nigra

A

the midbrain aka mesencephalin

79
Q

what does the “right brain” control

A

left hand control
music/art skills
spatial relationships
insight

80
Q

what does the “left brain” control

A

right hand control
speech
numerical and reasoning skills

81
Q

what is the functino of the diencephalon

A

homeostasis center deep in the cerebrum

82
Q

what are the major sections of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

83
Q

what is the thalamus and what are its functions

A

two oval masses of grey matter

functions in sensory relay (crude sense interpreted), role in memory and emotions in the limbic system, role in motor function

84
Q

what is the hypothalamus and what are its functions

A

the homeostasis center - the group below the thalamus

functions in temperature control, satiety (how full you are), smell (mammillary bodies), hormone production (control pituitary gland), control autonomic nervous system, control the limbic system, and circadian rhythm

85
Q

what is the epithalamus and what are its functions

A

majorly made of the pineal gland
the gland makes melatonin to aid in the sleep/wake pattern

86
Q

what is the brain stem and what are its structures

A

portion connecting the diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum to the spinal cord

includes the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata

87
Q

what is the function of the brain stem

A

aid in vital functions of the body including the breathing center, cardiac center, and more

88
Q

what are the vital centers of the medulla oblongata

A

respiratory
cardiac
vasomotor

89
Q

what are the nonvital centers of the medulla oblongata

A

sneezing
coughing
vomiting

90
Q

what are cerebellar peduncles

A

white matter where information gets to the cerebellum

91
Q

what type of impulses are carried by tracts that travel thru the pyramids of the medulla oblongata

A

sensory impulses

92
Q

are the pyramids locared on the ventral or dorsal side of the medulla oblongata

A

ventral side of the medulla

93
Q

what cranial nerves innervate the medulla

A

CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

94
Q

why might damage to the medulla oblongata be a fatal brain injury

A

the medulla carries vital centers to include cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor (blood vessel diameter) so if there is damage, the person may not be able to breathe or their heart might stop

95
Q

what is the responsibility of the pons

A

the respiratory center and the bridge for impulses

96
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

a network of neurons located in all three parts of the brainstem. it filters sensory information going to the cerebrum and some descending motor impulses

97
Q

how does the pons connect to the cerebellum

A

thru the cerebellar peduncles

98
Q

what cranial nerves innervate the pons

A

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

99
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A

ventral bulges made by the mesencephalon

this is where voluntary motor tracts are located

100
Q

what does the substantia nigra do

A

makes dopamine

101
Q

what is the corpora quadrigemina

A

the back/dorsal nclei

102
Q

what is the superior colliculi and what does it do

A

a subsection of the corpora quadrigemina that is a reflex center for vision

it aids in blinking and tracking with the eyes

103
Q

what is the inferior colliculi and what does it do

A

subsection of the corpora quadrigemina that is a reflex center for hearing

it aids in auditory reflexes and in you turning your head at loud noises

104
Q

what is the funcitno of red nucleus

A

subconsious motor information for limb position and background muscle tone along with the cerebellum

red becuase there is a lot of blood supply

105
Q

what is the reticular activating center

A

center responsible for wakefulness and sleep and some motor functino

106
Q

what is the ventral side of the midbrain/mesencephalon

A

the tegmentum

107
Q

what are the units of the tegmentum

A

susbtantia nigra
red nuclei
reticular formations
cerebral peduncles

108
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A

descending voluntary motor tracts in the precentral gyrus

109
Q

what happens if there is damage to the reticular activating center

A

coma because it controls sleep and wakefulness

110
Q

what is the cerebellum and what does it do

A

portion of the brain that is responsible for balance and equilibrium

functions include muscle coordination and equilibrium

111
Q

what is the arbor vitae

A

white matter shaped like a tree in the cerebellum

112
Q

what are the connections to the brain stem from the cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar peduncles
middle cerebellar peduncles
inferior cerebellar peduncles

113
Q

what is proriception

A

the ability to know where you rbody and body parts are located at all times

114
Q

what role does the cerebellum play in proriception

A

the cerebellum deals with balance and equilibrium to help you maintain your balance

if you stick your arm out, you know your arm is out, even without looking

the escalator thing

115
Q

loss of coordination by the cerebellum leads to ____________

A

ataxia

116
Q

what are the units of the limbic system

A

amygdala (fear/flight or flight)
cingulate gyrus (emotions)
fornix (linking parts of the limbic system together)
hippocampus (memory)

117
Q

what does the reticular activating center do

A

helps control the level of activity in the brain, is involved in skeletal muscle control, autonomic functions and pain modulation

118
Q

what are the neurotransmitters derived from the reticular activating center

A

serotonin - sleep
norepinephrine - arousal

119
Q

why is increased intracranial pressure a bad thing

A

too much pressure can damage the brain and stop the flow of csf and blood

120
Q

what are the two major arteries that bring oxygen to the brain

A

carotid arteries

vertebral arteries

121
Q

what happens in a stroke

A

something is blocking the blood flow to the brain causing some parts of the brain to be damaged or die.

long term problems include disability, loss of function and death

122
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

123
Q

what is CN I and what does it do

A

olfactory
sense of smell to the brain

124
Q

what is CN II and what does it do

A

optic
vision form the retina

peripheral vision on same side and regular vision crosses over
(right eye goes left and left eye goes right while also going to same side)

125
Q

what is CN III and what does it do

A

oculomotor
moves the eye muscles

126
Q

what is CN IV and what does it do

A

trochlear
motor fibers to the superior oblique muscle of the eye only

127
Q

what is CN V and what does it do

A

trigeminal

sensory - face sensation of touch
motor - masseter muscle for chewing

128
Q

what is CN VI and what does it do

A

abducens

motor fibers to lateral muscles of the eye to look right and left

129
Q

what is CN VII and what does it do

A

facial nerve
sensory - 2/3 front tongue for taste
motor - lacrimal glands, salivary glands, skeletal facial muscles

130
Q

what is CN VIII and what does it do

A

vestibulocochlear
sensory from internal ear for balance and hearing
balance - vestibular
hearing - cochlear

131
Q

what is CN IX and what does it do

A

glossopharyngeal

sensory - taste - posterior 1/3 of tongie
motor - salivary gland and muscles of the pharynx for swallowing and the parotid salivary gland

132
Q

what is CN X and what does it do

A

Vagus

sensory - taste
motor - swallowing, voice muscles, autonomic fibers to many abdominal organs (heart, lung, liver)

133
Q

what is CN XI and what does it do

A

accessory
motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

134
Q

what is CN XII and what does it do

A

hypoglossal

motor to tongue muscles for tongue movement

135
Q

which cranial nerve sends fibers to muclse that cause facial expressions

A

CN VII - facial

136
Q

which cranial nerve helps with balance

A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

137
Q

which cranial nerve helps with chewing

A

CN V - trigeminal

138
Q

which cranial nerve casues tears for crying

A

CN VII - facial

139
Q

which cranial nerve slows down the heart rate

A

CN X vagus

140
Q

which cranial nerves carry autonomic impulses

A

III, VII, IX, X

141
Q

are cranial nerves a part of the CNS or PNS

A

pns

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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