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Anatomy&Physiology I > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic structural unit of a living organism

A

a cell

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2
Q

what is an organelle

A

a structure made of chemicals within a cell with a specific function

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3
Q

what type of organelle breaks and recycles damaged intracellular protein

A

proteasomes

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4
Q

what type of organelle makes ATP for the cell

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

what type of organelle catabolizes or “oxidizes” fats and organic compounds

A

peroxisome

Oxidize - oxisome

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6
Q

what type of organelle removes damaged cell substances

A

lysosomes

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7
Q

what type of organelle stores and packs secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

A

Golgi Apparatus

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8
Q

what type of organelle controls metabolism and protein synthesis and contains all the DNA

A

nucleus

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9
Q

what organelle aids in protection, support, entry and exit of items and substances

A

cell membrane

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10
Q

what organelle is the watery medium within the cell containing everything between the nucleus to the cell membrane

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

what organelle synthesizes proteins for outside of cell use

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Aka

Rough ER

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12
Q

what organelle synthesizes fats (lipids) and aids in detoxification

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Aka

Smooth ER

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13
Q

what organelle synthesizes proteins for cell use

A

free ribosomes

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14
Q

what organelle aids in strength and support of the membrane

A

cytoskeleton

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15
Q

what is the cytosol

A

the liquid substance within the cell

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16
Q

what is another name for the cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

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17
Q

what is another name for the cytoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid

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18
Q

in regards to a cell, which fluid is high in potassium ion (K+)

A

intracellular fluid

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19
Q

in regards to a cell, what is high in sodium ions (Na+)

A

extracellular fluid

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20
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

the extracellular fluid between tissues

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21
Q

what are functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. semipermeable
  2. structure
  3. cell signaling and recognition
  4. homeostasis
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22
Q

what is the membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids and glycoproteins

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23
Q

which type of fluid is high in concentration of Potassium (K+) ions?

A

intracellular fluid

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24
Q

which type of fluid is high in concentration of Sodium (Na+) ions?

A

extracellular fluid

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25
Q

Is the inside or outside of a cell more negative?

A

the inside in more negative

(due to the phospholipid heads facing the inside)

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26
Q

what do integral (intrinsic) proteins do

A

these are proteins through the membrane and functions as tunnels to let certain items in and out

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27
Q

what do peripheral (extrinsic) proteins do

A

these are on either side of the membrane and they can be removed without damage to the membrane. they bind to proteins to let them in or out of the cell

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28
Q

what are functions of the proteins in a cell membrane

A

they function as receptors, markers, in identifying other cells, transport channels and as enzymes

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29
Q

what type of organic compound is cholesterol?

A

a steroid

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30
Q

what does cholesterol do for the cell membrane

A

gives strength and rigidity to the membrane

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31
Q

what are glycolipids

A

lipids/fats with a couple of sugars attached with a particular function for the plasma membrane

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32
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

proteins with a couple of proteins attached with a particular function for the plasma membrane

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33
Q

extensions of the cell membrane are known as ____

A

microvilli

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34
Q

what type of cell would have microvili

A

cells in the gastrointestinal tract (more surface area to aid in digestion and absorption)

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35
Q

what is a tight junction

A

a junction made of proteins that connect in a way where nothing can get through

very tightly packed

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36
Q

where are tight junctions found

A

in areas where you would not want fluid to escape

ex: cavity walls

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37
Q

what is a desmosome

A

a junction made of proteins where it is made where cells can’t be broken apart

Cells with desmorones appear to be welded together

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38
Q

what is the purpose of desmosomes and where are they found

A

to keep cells wound tightly together - they are “welded”

they are found in areas where cells need to stretch and to keep cells from ripping apart
Ex: skin

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39
Q

what is a gap junction and where are they found

A

a junction made of proteins that acts as a form of a bridge for cell to cell communication

they are found between 2 or more cells for communication
Ex: cardiac muscles

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40
Q

what is a cell inclusion

A

a clump of insoluble materials, melanin, pigments, glycogen, with some sort of protein attached.

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41
Q

what is the difference between MEMBRANOUS and NONMEMBRANOUS organelles

A

MEMBRANOUS have a phospholipid bilayer and the NONMEMBRANOUS does not

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42
Q

why do some organelles contain a membrane while others don’t

A

for function

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43
Q

what is a nucleus

A

an organelle within a cell containing all the DNA information to make proteins

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44
Q

Y/N

can cells be multinucleated

A

yes

skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei

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45
Q

can cells be anucleate or not have a nucleus

A

yes

red blood cells do not have a nucleus

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46
Q

why is the nucleus considered the “control center” of the cell

A

it contains all the necessary information to “code” for all proteins that may be needed for the cell

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47
Q

_____ is present when the cell is not dividing. it is made of DNA wrapped around histones.

*loose DNA

A

chromatin

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48
Q

____ are present when the cell is dividing. these structures consist of more tightly coiled chromatin connected at the centromere

*X shaped

A

chromosomes

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49
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

make ribosomes for the cell

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50
Q

what does the mitochondrion do

A

uses oxygen to breakdown glucose to make ATP for the cell

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51
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called

A

the crista

52
Q

what is the equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + ATP + Heat/Energy

OR

C6H12O6 + O2 -> H2O + ATP + Heat/Energy

** Glucose = Glucose + Phosphate + ADP

53
Q

what are free ribosomes and what do they do

A

free ribosomes are ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm

they make proteins that stay within the cell

54
Q

what are fixed ribosomes and what do they do

A

fixed ribosomes are ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and make proteins that will be used outside of the cell

55
Q

how do the ribosome “know” what proteins to make

A

they derive from the nucleolus inside of the nucleus

56
Q

proteins are made by combining the building blocks called ________ through a process called ________

A

amino acids

protein synthesis

57
Q

what is the difference in structure of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

the rough ER contains fixed ribosomes while the smooth ER does not

58
Q

what does the rough ER do

A

functions in protein synthesis

59
Q

what does the smooth ER do

A

functions in fat/lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium storage (in muscle cells)

60
Q

what are some examples of steroids within the body

A

estrogen, androgens, testosterone, progesterone

61
Q

what organelle is a membranous sac that functions in packaging secretions (proteins or other substances) for export

A

Golgi Apparatus

62
Q

what happens to proteins as they move through the golgi apparatus

A

they get modified as needed and get secreted out in a vesicle

63
Q

what is a secretory vesicle

A

a sack that connects to the membrane of a cell to get a protein or substance out of the cell

64
Q

what is a transport vesicle

A

a sack that moves proteins and/or other substances from one organelle to another

65
Q

what is the membranous organelle that contains digestive enzymes to destroy/”eat” dead or old cell structures, carbohydrates, proteins, etc

A

lysosome

66
Q

what do lysosomes digest

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, dead or worn out cell organelles/structures

67
Q

what is the function of proteases in the lysosome

A

they hydrolyze peptides and proteins

68
Q

what is the function of polysaccharides in the lysosome

A

to digest sugars

69
Q

what is the function of lipases within a lysosome

A

to digest fat

70
Q

what is the function of nucleases within a lysosome

A

to move DNA

71
Q

what is the non membranous organelle for protein hydrolysis that contains proteases and help breakdown misfolded proteins and degrade proteins that are no longer needed

A

proteasomes

protea -> protein

72
Q

what membranous organelle breaks down or “oxidizes” fatty acids so the cell can use them for ATP

**These are very important in the liver for detoxification

A

peroxisome

73
Q

T/F

peroxisomes neutralize free radicals

free radicals: harmful chemicals

A

True

74
Q

what organelles is a series of microfilaments and microtubules that weave through the cytoplasm therefore supporting the cell structure and help with transport

A

cytoskeleton

75
Q

microtubules are hollow tubes of protein that help move organelles and compounds. microtubules are made of proteins called _________

A

tubulin

76
Q

what are 3 structures made of microtubules

A

microvilli, centrioles, cilia

77
Q

________ contain centrioles that are made of microtubules. they are non-membranous and come in pairs (2) and help move cell items when dividing

A

centrosomes

78
Q

T/F

passive cell transport is a type of cell transport that uses ATP

A

False

79
Q

what characteristics does a substance need to have in order to be easily transported across the cell memrane

A

small in size
items in positive charge move easily
fat soluble

80
Q

what type of transport is the general movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration and also requires substances to be lipid (fat) soluble and DOES NOT require ATP

A

passive diffusion

81
Q

what type of cell transport requires a carrier/integral protein in the membrane to move across a membrane and also does not require ATP

**this type of cell transport moves water soluble substances

A

facilitated diffusion

82
Q

what compounds can move through the membrane through facilitated diffusion

A

glucose, amino acids, certain ions, polar items, other simple sugars

83
Q

the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane is called ________

A

osmosis

84
Q

Y/N
does osmosis require ATP

A

no

85
Q

what is the protein channel for water called

A

aquaporins

aqua=water

86
Q

a ______ solution is when 2 solutions are being compared and have the same amount of solute to osmotic concentration

these include 0.9% saline solutions and 5% glucose solutions

A

isotonic

87
Q

what type of solution is where the solution contains more solutes than what it is being compared to

**type of solution where water would move OUT of a cell and cause it to shrivel (crenate)

A

hypertonic

88
Q

what type of solution is where the solution has less solute than what it is being compared to

**when water would move INTO a cell and cause it to burst (hemolysis)

A

hypotonic

89
Q

what type of transport requires ATP

A

active transport

90
Q

what is an example of active transport

A

sodium potassium pump

or

Na+/K+ exchange pump

91
Q

in active transport, substances are moving _______ their concentration gradients

A

against

92
Q

in which way does the pump pump sodium

A

out of the cell

93
Q

in which way does the pump pump potassium

A

into the cell

94
Q

in the sodium potassium pump, how many sodium and potassium are involved

A

3 sodium leaves the cell
2 potassium enters the cell

95
Q

why does the sodium potassium pump require ATP

A

the breaking of ATP releases the energy needed to release and take in sodium and potassium

96
Q

what is endocytosis

A

taking a substance into the cell

97
Q

what are types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis - cell eating - taking in solids
pinocytosis - cell drinking - taking in liquids

98
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

endocytosis where a protein receptor in the membrane combines to something to trigger endocytosis

99
Q

what is exocytosis

A

substance exiting the cell

exo = exit

100
Q

why does exocytosis and endocytosis require ATP

A

they both move substances against their concentration gradient

101
Q

why can endo- and exocytosis be referred as “bulk transportation”

A

because it can move a lot of items into/through the membrane through vesicles

102
Q

_______ is the process resulting in two (2) identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

103
Q

T/F

each daughter cell resulting from mitosis contain identical DNA

A

True

104
Q

how many chromosomes does the human body have

A

46 chromosomes

105
Q

what are the three (3) phases of interphase

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

106
Q

what happens at the G1 phase

A

the cell is growing - it is developing enzymes and duplicating the organelles

107
Q

what happens during S phase

A

the cell is synthesizing the proteins necessary for cell division, the DNA is duplicating along with all the organelles

108
Q

what happens during G2 phase

A

the cell is preparing to divide - it is making the enzymes necessary for cell division

109
Q

what are phases of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase e

110
Q

what are phases of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

111
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromatin condenses to make chromatids to then have 2 homologous chromatids be connected in the center by centromeres to make a chromosome

the nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to disintegrate and breakdown

the centrioles start to make spindle fibers and migrate to either side of the cell

112
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up at the equator

the spindle fibers/mitotic spindle start to connect to either side of the cell at the centrioles or at the centromeres to separate the chromosomes

113
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

the centromeres start to split due to the spindle fibers shortening therefore causing the chromosomes to split into their corresponding chromatids

the cleavage furrow starts to form

114
Q

what happens during telophase

A

the chromatids start to form back into chromatin

the nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to reform

cleavage furrow starts to become more prominent

115
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the separation of the cytoplasm that overlaps with mitosis

Division of the cytoplasm

116
Q

in which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis start

A

anaphase - the cleavage furrow is used to later separate the two cells during cytokinesis

117
Q

what cells DO NOT undergo mitosis

A

skeletal muscle cells, cardiac cells and neurons

118
Q

which cells rapidly undergo mitosis

A

epithelial cells (skin cells) and cells within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

119
Q

what is contact inhibition

A

where cells stop dividing/growing when they touch another cell

120
Q

Y/N

do cancerous cells maintain contact inhibition

A

No

121
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

a tumor that lost contact inhibition but only stays in the place where it formed

122
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

a tumor that has started to lose its contact inhibition and start to spread rapidly

123
Q

what does it mean for a tumor to metastasize

A

the cancer cell broke away from the malignant tumor and has spread through the lymphatic system or blood stream and is now starting to “invade” or infect other tissues

124
Q

_______ is the process where sperm and egg are made. cells derived from this contain half the number of chromosomes (haploid) than other human cells

A

meiosis

125
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromatids or similar nature

1 from mom and 1 from dad

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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