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Anatomy&Physiology I > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

1 nucleus per cell
nucleus is centered
contains striations
contains actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres
contains intercalated discs
involuntary
branched cell

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2
Q

Y/N

is calcium the trigger for cardiac muscle

A

yes

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3
Q

Y/N

can cardiac muscle regenerate

A

no

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle

A

1 nucleus
nucleus is centered
no striations
contains actin and myosin
involuntary
long tapered shape
plasticity

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5
Q

can smooth muscle regenerate

A

yes

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6
Q

is calcium the trigger for smooth muscle

A

yes

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7
Q

what are characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated
nuclei on sides of cells
contains striations
contains sarcomeres
contain actin and myosin
voluntary
long cylindrical shape

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8
Q

can skeletal muscle regenerate

A

limited ability for regeneration

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9
Q

what is an action potential

A

a nerve impulse that reaches muscle and “sets off” the muscle

and electrical signal that changes the charge across a membrane

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10
Q

what is excitability

A

the ability to conduct an electrical signal

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11
Q

what is contractility

A

the ability to contract

contraction through special protein filaments in muscle that contain actin and myosin

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12
Q

what is elasticity

A

the ability to stretch and recoil

making something longer and then being able to go back to its original position

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13
Q

what are the functions of the muscular system

A

movement
posture
temperature control

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14
Q

how does the muscular system aid in temperature control

A

when we are cold, we shiver
shivering is caused by the muscles vibrating vigorously to create heat

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15
Q

what layers do you need to cut through before you get to skeletal muscle

A

skin - epidermis and dermis
hypodermis - aka superficial fascia - adipose tissue
deep fascia - dense fibrous connective tissue

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16
Q

what is another name for the superficial fascia

A

hypodermis

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17
Q

what is the deep fascia made of

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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18
Q

where is skeletal muscle located relative to the skin

A

deep within the body

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19
Q

why is the hypodermis important

A

it provides a layer of insulation and protection

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20
Q

what type of tissue is found in the hypodermis

A

areolar tissue

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21
Q

T/F

deep fascia can surround an entire muscle

A

True

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22
Q

muscles connect to bone via _____________

A

tendons

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23
Q

what tissue makes up tendons

A

dense regular connective tissue

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24
Q

what is a tendon sheath

A

a sack of synovial fluid around a tendon to prevent friction

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25
Q

what is a bursa

A

a sack of synovial fluid that aids in preventing friction against the joints

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26
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

a flat tendon

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27
Q

where can you find aponeurosis

A

the skull and línea alba

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28
Q

would an entire muscle be a

cell? tissue? organ? system?

A

organ

many tissues working together to perform a function

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29
Q

what is an epimysium

A

layer surrounding an entire muscle

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30
Q

what is the perimysium

A

layer surrounding a fascicle

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31
Q

what is a muscle fascicle

A

a collection of muscle fibers/muscle cells

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32
Q

what is the endomysium

A

layer that surrounds an individual muscle fiber/muscle cell

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33
Q

what are fibers made of

A

myofibrils

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34
Q

what are myofibrils made of

A

myofilaments

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35
Q

what are myofilaments made of

A

actin and myosin

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36
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle cell

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37
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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38
Q

what is a T-Tubule

A

invaginations of the sarcolemma for nerve impulses

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39
Q

what organelles would you find in abundance in the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell

A

mitochondria

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40
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

the smooth ER of a muscle cell

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41
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ___________ ions

A

calcium ions

Ca++

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42
Q

what is a triad

A

area where there is one part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a T Tubule and another part of a sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcoplasmic reticulum – T-Tubule — sarcoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

what are the units that make up myofibrils

A

myofilaments

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44
Q

is a myofibril larger or smaller than a muscle cell

A

smaller

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45
Q

myofilaments can be thick or thin.

what is the protein in thick filaments

A

myosin

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46
Q

myofilaments can be thick or thin.

what is/are the protein(s) in thin filaments

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Tropo in

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47
Q

what causes striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

the arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments

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48
Q

what is the A-Band

A

stacked thick myofilaments with some overlapping thin myofilaments

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49
Q

what is the I-Band

A

thin actin myofilaments only

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50
Q

what is the Z line

A

the area in the middle of an I band

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51
Q

what is the H Zone

A

region with only myosin filaments

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52
Q

T/F

a sarcomere is made of the A band and 2 1/2 I bands on either end

A

True

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53
Q

the unit of contraction in muscle is the _________

A

sarcomere

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54
Q

why is it necessary that muscle cells are made of many of these contractile units

A

for better contraction of the muscle

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55
Q

which part of myosin is called the myosin head

A

the bulby part

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56
Q

why is the myosin head important

A

it binds to actin to contract the muscle

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57
Q

what are the functions of myosin

A

the head has the ability to pivot
the head has the ability to break down ATP
the myosin head can bind to actin

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58
Q

the A-band in a sarcomere consists of _______ myofilaments and overlapping ________ myofilaments

A

thick (myosin)

thin (actin)

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59
Q

why is it significant that the myosin heads protrude from the thick myofilament

A

so it can bind to actin 360 degrees all around

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60
Q

the mysoin head will bind to actin, causing the __________ whenever it can

A

cross bridge

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61
Q

what are the 3 proteins in the thin myofilament

A

actin
troponin
tropomyosin

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62
Q

what is tropomyosin

A

protein that wraps as a spiral around actin to cover the actin binding sites at rest

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63
Q

what is troponin

A

protein that attaches to actin, tropomyosin and calcium

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64
Q

what happens when calcium binds to troponin

A

troponin changes its shape and releases the tropomyosin thus exposing the actin binding sits for myosin to bind to

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65
Q

when there is no calcium present, the __________________ covers the actin binding sites

A

troponin-tropomyosin complex

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66
Q

when calcium is present, the troponin-tropomyosin complex will slide off the actin binding sites, therefore actin and myosin can contract, causing the muscle to ___________–

A

shorten

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67
Q

what is the process of calcium binding to the troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

At rest troponin-tropomyosin complex covers up myosin head binding sites on actin
When calcium is released, the calcium binds to troponin
The binding of the calcium to the troponin induces a conformational (change in 3D shape) in the troponin-tropomyosin complex
Myosin binding sites are now exposed

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68
Q

what is the sliding filament theory

A

process of how muscle contracts

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69
Q

what is the process of the sliding filament theory

A

Action potential goes down the sarcolemma
Calcium releases
Calcium binds to troponin
Twisting of tropomyosin off the binding sites
When the troponin-tropomyosin complex is off the binding site, there is a space for the myosin heads to insert and do its thing
Myosin binds to actin
Myosin heads (cross bridges) ratchet causing Tightening of the bands
Sarcomere shortens
Muscle contraction

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70
Q

what happens to the A band during contraction

A

nothing it stays the same

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71
Q

what happens to the H band during contraction

A

it disappears because of the overlapping actin coming towards the center

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72
Q

what happens to the I band during contraction

A

is decreases

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73
Q

what happens to the Z line during contraction

A

they come closer to the center

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74
Q

how does the calcium go back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after the action potential ends

A

through active transport

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75
Q

what happens when the myosin head binds ATP

A

it is released from actin and the head is recocked

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76
Q

T/F

ATP aids in detachment of the myosin head

A

true

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77
Q

what happens at the release of the ADP and P from the myosin head detaching

A

the myosin head will pivot/swivel that moves the actin towards the center of the sarcomere and shorten the muscle cell

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78
Q

where are the calcium ions located during muscle rest

A

in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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79
Q

what are voltage gated channels

A

channels that open when there is a change in voltage across a membrane

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80
Q

what happens once calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

It (calcium) binds to troponin
The binding of calcium to troponin causes tropomyosin to change position
After the change in position of they tropomyosin, the myosin binding sites are exposed to the actin
When the myosin binding sites are exposed, the myosin heads can then attach to the actin
When the myosin head attach to the actin, a contraction of the muscle occurs

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81
Q

the movement of the myosin head is called ___________

A

power stroke

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82
Q

if the action potential causes the calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where did the initial action potential come from

A

a motor neuron

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83
Q

what is the axon terminal

A

the swelling at the end of a neuron

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84
Q

what is another name for the axon terminal

A

synaptic end bulb

85
Q

what is the synaptic cleft

A

the space between the axon terminal and the motor end plate

86
Q

what is the motor end plate

A

the portion of the sarcolemma that interacts with the synaptic cleft

87
Q

where in the body does the action potential originate

A

from the sensory nerves in the PNS

88
Q

how does the action potential “jump” over the space from the neuron to the muscle cell

A

through vesicles that bind to receptors that trigger a sequence of changes in charge

89
Q

the binding of the __________ to the receptor will trigger the action potential in the muscle cell

A

neurotransmitter

90
Q

what chemical is released in vesicles through the synaptic cleft by diffusion

A

acetylcholine

91
Q

once acetylcholine binds to the motor end plate receptors, an _____________ travels down the muscle cell

A

action potential

92
Q

what are the events that happen at the neuromuscular junction

A

The action potential travels down the neuron
When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, Ca ions rush into the terminal
Calcium triggers exocytosis of acetylcholine
Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine binds to a receptor on the motor end plate
Binding of acetylcholine to the receptor causes sodium to rush into the muscle cell
Sodium has a positive charge so the charge across the membrane changes
The change in charge is propagated across the sarcolemma down the T Tubules
Acetylcholine is broken down by cholinesterase to stop the action potential

93
Q

where in the axon terminal is the neurotransmitter stored

A

at the bulb of the axon terminal

94
Q

what triggers the release of the neurotransmitter

A

calcium

95
Q

how is the neurotransmitter released and does it require ATP

A

through exocytosis
Yes

96
Q

how does the neurotransmitter move across the synaptic cleft

A

through diffusion

97
Q

what is a motor unit

A

one neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

98
Q

what is a small motor unit composed of

A

one neuron and a few specific muscle cells

99
Q

where will you find small motor units

A

areas what require fine motor movements

fingers, eyes

100
Q

what is a large motor unit composed of

A

one neuron and many non-specific muscle cells

101
Q

where would you find large motor units

A

areas with general gross motor movements

for posture and muscle tone and standing

102
Q

what is meant by the word “specific” in regards to motor units

A

individual nerves that need to communicate with individual muscle cells

103
Q

if a neuron is stimulated, ______ the muscles attached to that neuron will contract

All, some, none

A

all

104
Q

how is the amount of contraction in a muscle changed

A

by recruitment of motor units

more motor units will be stimulated if more contraction is needed

105
Q

what is the all-or-none law

A

each muscle cell will contract to its maximum ability each time it is stimulated

it will be on when triggered and off when not. (similar to a basic light switch)

106
Q

what is muscle tone

A

motor units switching on and off

107
Q

in regards to muscle tone, what does hypertonic mean

A

an increase of muscle tone

108
Q

what happens at spasticity

A

muscles are rigid

109
Q

what occurs when there is CNS damage in regards to muscle tone

A

spasticity paralysis

damage to the upper motor neurons in the CNS

110
Q

in regards to muscle tone, what does hypotonic mean

A

decreased muscle tone

111
Q

what happens when muscle tone is flaccid

A

the muscles are limp

112
Q

how is flaccid paralysis caused

A

when there is peripheral nerve damage

113
Q

what happens in flaccid paralysis

A

the neuron is damaged and cannot send the action potential to the skeletal muscle cell

114
Q

what is atrophy

A

loss of muscle myofibrils

115
Q

what causes atrophy

A

non-use
lack of innervation
loss of myofibrils

116
Q

what will happen if the atrophy is not fixed right away

A

the muscle fibers will be replaced with fibrous tissue - collagen - and make the process irreversible

117
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increased diameter due to increased myofibrils

118
Q

Y/N

will there be an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum and phosphocreatine in hypertrophy

A

yes

119
Q

which steps in muscle contraction require ATP

A

detachment of myosin from actin
power stroke
active transport of calcium
Na+/K+ pump

120
Q

how does the increase in intracellular calcium cause contraction

A

calcium ions bind to troponin-tropomyosin complex to reveal the actin binding sites for myosin to bind causing muscles to contract

121
Q

why is rigor mortis not a permanent condition in cadavers

A

because the muscles won’t stop contracting until there is no ATP left

122
Q

what is power stroke

A

the hydrolysis of ATP and the binding of actin causing the release of ADP and P and the swiveling of the myosin head

123
Q

where is active transport of calcium happening

A

in the sarcoplasm taking the calcium back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

124
Q

the Na+/K+ pump moves Na+ _________ the cell

A

into

125
Q

where does the ATP come from for muscle contraction

A

from anaerobic and aerobic pathways and from stored glycogen

126
Q

what is an anaerobic pathway

A

pathway of making ATP without oxygen which results in 2 lactic acid

127
Q

what is an aerobic pathway

A

pathway of making ATP with oxygen from cellular respiration that results in 36-38 ATP, CO2, H2O, Heat

128
Q

wat is the aerobic production of ATP from glucose called

A

cellular respiration

129
Q

where in the muscle cell does aerobic production of ATP occur

A

in the mitochondria of the muscle cells

130
Q

explain what happens when muscles are at rest

A

Not much atp is needed
Myosin binding site is covered up
Excess atp will be left over
Excess atp will donate a phosphate to creatine
Creatine phosphate is formed
ATP is held in reserve for later use

131
Q

what is the formula for making creatine phosphate

A

creatine + phosphate = creatine phosphate (aka phosphocreatine)

132
Q

what is the process for anaerobic pathways

A

readily available ATP used first
after ready available ATP is used, the cell will start using creatine phosphate
when creatine phosphate is used up, the cell will then turn to glycogen reservoir
glycolysis will occur and create 2 pyruvic acid
no oxygen will make the pyruvic acid turn into 2 lactic acid

133
Q

is the formation of lactic acid reversible

A

yes

lactic acid can turn back into pyruvic acid in the liver for recycling

134
Q

how is glycogen stored in cells

A

stored in adipose tissue

135
Q

what type of compound is glycogen

A

organic compound

136
Q

what is slow oxidative muscle fiber type

A

muscle fiber type designed for postural maintenance and resistance to fatigueu

137
Q

T/F

slow oxidative muscle fibers cannot generate ATP all the time

A

false

138
Q

do slow oxidative fibers prefer aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

139
Q

where does the oxygen come from in regards to the slow oxidative fibers

A

the blood and myoglobin

140
Q

what is fast glycolytic muscle fibers

A

muscle fibers designed for large rapid force

141
Q

Y/N

do fast glycolytic fibers fatigue quickly

A

yes

142
Q

do fast glycolytic fibers prefer anaerobic or aerobic pathways

A

anaerobic

143
Q

what type of athlete would prefer fast glycolytic fibers

(fibers needed for rapid force)

A

sprinters

144
Q

what type of athlete would prefer slow oxidative fibers

(fibers used for longer periods of contraction)

A

marathon runners - long distance runners

145
Q

Y/N

do slow oxidative fibers contain a good blood supply

A

yes

contain a lot of capillaries

146
Q

what gives muscle its red color

A

myoglobin

147
Q

what happens if the muscle does not get enough ATP or oxygen

A

if not enough oxygen, the aerobic pathway will convert to anaerobic pathway

if not enough ATP, muscle contraction will decline

148
Q

explain muscle fatigue

A

Muscle cell is going to use up the creatine phosphate and the glycogen stores that are there
After everything is used up, the muscles will try to go the aerobic route
Because the individual is not trained, the blood supply is not feeding enough oxygen
Not enough oxygen makes it go the anaerobic route
Anaerobic route will have increase of lactic acid
Lactic acid makes the cell more acidic
Too much acidic is not good so your muscles get fatigued

149
Q

what is a way for you to get your muscles to have a better blood supply

A

exercise and training will cause muscles to have a better blood supply over time to meet needs for more movement

150
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

not enough oxygen can be taken in to meet the needs of the muscle

151
Q

what happens during oxygen debt

A

individual will have an increase in breathing to make up for the oxygen that was lost

152
Q

what happens to the muscle cells during recovery

A

Oxygenation of myoglobin
Cell will get rid of lactic acid build up
Glycogen will be replenished
New creation of phosphocreatine
ATP will be readily available in the sarcoplasm again

153
Q

what is the recovery period in layman’s terms

A

replenishing everything you used up during any type of movement

154
Q

what is a muscle twitch

A

the response of a single motor unit to an action potential

(lasts 7-100 milliseconds)

155
Q

what is a myogram

A

the graph of a twitch

tension vs time

156
Q

what is another name for myogram

A

electromyogram - EMG

157
Q

what are the phases distinguished in the myogram as the motor unit contracts

A

latent period
period of contraction
period of relaxation
refractory period

158
Q

explain the latent period of motor unit contraction

A

contraction has not happened

it is the time between on set of stimulus and on set of the twitch

the time before the twitch happens

internal tension is here - no shortening of muscle fibers

159
Q

explain the period of contraction of motor unit contraction

A

motor units will contract
elastic components of the muscles are taught
external tension is created to lift the load

160
Q

explain the period of relaxation of motor unit contraction

A

the time it takes for the muscle fibers to relax
calcium is reabsorbed

161
Q

explain the refractory period of motor unit contraction

A

the time during which the muscle fibers CANNOT be stimulated again

162
Q

what is summation

A

incomplete tetanus

the muscle does not have enough time to relax in between twitches

163
Q

what happens during summation

A

the force of each twitch will build on top of the previous one

Each twitch is greater than the last and there is no time for complete relaxation

164
Q

what is tetanus

A

sustained muscle contraction

the muscle gets no breaks in between twitches

165
Q

what happens during tetanus

A

many twitches will fuse together into a smooth prolonged contraction

166
Q

tetanus and summation are influences by the availability of ____________________

A

calcium ions - Ca++

167
Q

what is treppe

A

twitch where each twitch develops more tension than the one before it

168
Q

what happens during treppe

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum doesn’t have enough time to reabsorb all the calcium ions it released so the concentration of calcium increases in the sarcoplasm

169
Q

what is the all-or-none law

A

a muscle cell will always contract to its maximum ability at each action potential

170
Q

muscle cell contraction is relative to the amount of _____________ available

A

intracellular calcium

171
Q

if more calcium available, there will be a __________ contraction

A

greater

172
Q

what are the similarities of tetanus, summation and treppe

A

all are a twitch for a certain amount of time

173
Q

what are the differences of tetanus, summation and treppe

A

summation is a shortened version of tetanus
tetanus is a long twitch
treppe is a twitch that multiplies each time

174
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

a contraction where there is constant tension and the muscle shortens

175
Q

what is an example of isotonic contraction

A

walking, running, lifting something off the desk

tension is there and the muscle shortens

176
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

contraction where tension increases but the muscle does not shorten

tension produced does not exceed load and the muscle doesn’t shorten

177
Q

give an example of isometric contraction

A

carrying a bad of groceries, holding head up

tension is there but the muscles don’t move

178
Q

what is the formula for cellular respiration for aerobic pathways

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + 36-38 ATP + Heat + Water

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + 36-38 ATP + HEAT

179
Q

what type of organelle is present in high numbers in cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

mitochondria

180
Q

why are mitochondria important in cardiac cells

A

cardiac cells need a lot of ATP to keep the heart pumping

181
Q

do cardiac muscles contain sarcomeres

A

yes

182
Q

do cardiac muscle cells always have sarcomeres

A

yes

183
Q

what type of junctions are present at an intercalated disc

A

gap junctions and desmosomes

184
Q

why do cardiac muscle cells need gap junctions

A

so he muscles can communicate to beat as a unit

185
Q

Y/N

can cardiac muscle cells undergo self-excitation

A

yes

186
Q

what is the concept of self-excitation

A

the ability to create its own action potentials

187
Q

do cardiac muscle cells have a shorter or longer contraction/refractory period than skeletal muscle?

A

longer

188
Q

what is the significance of the long refractory periods in cardiac muscle

A

so that no action potential is sent right after one was just sent

189
Q

T/F

cardiac muscle cells do not always need oxygen

A

false

190
Q

why is it significant that cardiac muscle cells can use many energy sources

A

so that it can maintain blood flow and keep the nutrients going throughout the body

191
Q

what is cardiac muscles capacity for regeneration

A

none

192
Q

how is smooth muscle different from skeletal muscle

A

it is not organized in sarcomeres

193
Q

how is smooth muscle similar to skeletal muscle

A

it contains myosin and actin myofilaments

194
Q

where is smooth muscle located in the body

A

at the arrector pili muscle
in the GI tract

195
Q

Y/N

does smooth muscle contain troponin

A

no

196
Q

why is it significant that smooth muscle has a longer contraction time and that the contraction time begins slowly

A

so that the muscle and stretch and accommodate to the body

197
Q

smooth muscle can stretch and then relax at its new length. this ability is called the _______________

A

stretch-relaxation response

198
Q

what is an example of a stretch-relaxation response in smooth muscle

A

if you are an individual that eats a lot, your stomach will be relatively larger
if you are an individual that doesn’t eat as much, your stomach will be relatively smaller

199
Q

of all 3 muscle types, __________ muscle has the greatest capacity for regeneration

A

smooth muscle

200
Q

does every smooth muscle cell need a motor neuron

A

no

201
Q

what is a contraction of one motor unit in response to action potential

A

twitch

202
Q

what is the term used to describe a second contraction greater than first when the muscle cell is stimulated before complete relaxation

A

summation

203
Q

what is the term used to describe sustained muscle contraction

A

tetanus

204
Q

what is the term used to describe muscle contraction that becomes greater if a muscle contracts and completely relaxes several times

A

treppe

205
Q

what type of contraction described when a muscle as a whole stays the same length in spite of cross bridges forming

A

isometric contraction

206
Q

what occurs when acetylcholine binds to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction

A

Na+ influx

sodium rushes into the cell

207
Q

what is the term used to describe constant tension with muscle shortening during a contraction

A

isotonic contraction

208
Q

what is the term used to describe tension increasing and the muscle doesn’t shorten (constant length) during a contraction

A

isometric contraction

Anatomy&Physiology I (19 decks)

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