Short Notes

Question 1

HIV PEP is recommended if the exposure meets all the following citeria:

Answer 1

• exposure to the HIV virus occurred within 72 hours
• the exposed individual is HIV negative
• the source of the exposure is either HIV positive, or their status is unknown
• the source of the exposure is blood, body tissue, visibly blood-stained fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, or amniotic fluid; and the puncture is deep, from a hollow-bore needle, or from other sharps visibly contaminated with any of the above-mentioned fluids.
• If the HIV status of the source is positive, a two-drug regimen is recommended for any percutaneous injury or severe blood splash.
• Initiate PEP as soon as possible, within hours of exposure.
• Offer pregnancy testing to all women of childbearing age even if they are not known to be pregnant.
• Administer PEP for 4 weeks if tolerated

Question 2

Nosocomial infection

Answer 2

Infection acquired after at least 48 hours of admission or healthcare facility contact and during first 72 hours of discharge if admitted (except for Infections with long incubation period,

Question 3

Main types of nosocomial infection

Answer 3

• Blood stream infection (central line associated)
• UTI (e.g urethral catheter associated)
• Respiratory tract infection (e.g Pneumonia)
• Wound / SSI infection
• Blood borne infections

Question 4

World wide rate of nosocomial infections

Answer 4

0.14% but increase annually with 0.06%

Question 5

Main factors contributing to nosocomial infections:

Answer 5

• Hand hygiene
• use of antimicrobial agents (inappropriate use destroy normal flora and facilitates emergence of resistant strain).
• Invasive procedures
• Presence of foreign material (catheter, cannulas, venous lines, towels, gauze)
• Declined host defense (post operative patient, patient with Uncontrolled chronic condition)