Environmental And Occupational (IMP) Flashcards
Types of environments
outdoor
Indoor (more affected and controlled by human activities):
home (domestic)
Work (occupational)
Other (school, healthcare, etc)
Or physical environment and non physical (psychosocial) environment.
Main components of environment
• Air
• Water
• Soil
• Physical factors (temp, floods, stroms etc)
• Man made items and human activities (machines, wars, electricity, etc)
• Waste (adverse products of human related activities).
What is watse
Unwanted substance or materials produced as a result of process
Types of waste
Solid waste
Liquid watse
Solid waste includes waste from houses, street sweeping, commercial, industrial, and agricultural.
It is divided into:
Hazardous waste: this type threaten public could be inflammable, reactive, corrosive or toxic.
Organic waste: food waste, vegetable peel, flower trimmings, and anima excreta.
Recyclable watse: is processing used materials into new useful products, may include aluminum products, glass, papers, and plastics.
include waste from houses, street sweeping, commercial, industrial, and agricultural.
It is divided into:
Hazardous waste: this type threaten public could be inflammable, reactive, corrosive or toxic.
Organic waste: food waste, vegetable peel, flower trimmings, animal excreta.
Recyclable watse: processing used materials into new useful products, may include aluminum products, glass, papers, and plastics.
Liquid waste include:
• Wash water, flushing, cleaning liquid in industries.
• Human excreta this type named sewage.
Liquid waste include
• Wash water, flushing, cleanings liquid in industries.
• Human excreta this type named sewage
Effect of waste on health and environment:
A.Place of fly and other insect breeding ,food contamination increase incident of intestinal infection
B.It attract rats ,rodents and other animal.
C. Causes water air soil pollution.
D Creation of nuisance ,unsightly appearance and unpleasant odor.
Medical (healthcare produced) waste:
Non hazardous : usual waste type.
Hazardous
Exampes of hazardous medical waste:
• blood contaminated non sharp waste
• sharp waste
• body fluid
• human parts and tissues
• radioactive watse
• Chemical waste
• pharmaceutical waste
Medical (healthcare) watse management:
• segregation (color coding + specific containers + appropriate handling).
• Disposal:
1. Autoclaving
2. Incineration.
3. Landfill or other.
Color coding for medical waste segregation and methods of disposal:
General waste (Green): incineration or secure land
Infected plastics (red): secure land, autoclaving or incineration
Infected watse (yellow): Deep , plasma pyrolysis/incineration
Glassware (blue): Re-Cycler
Sharps (white): sharp
What is occupational health:
Are in public health aims to promote highest level physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
Occupational medicine
It is medical discipline interested in diagnosis and management of occupational and work realted diseases
Occupational nursing
Nursing specialty interested in occupational diseases.
Occupational (industrial) hygiene:
The discipline interested in providing protection of workers health by controlling workplace hazards. (Identification + evaluation + control of workplace hazards).
Or the science and art devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of the hazards at the workplaces, which may cause sickness, impaired health and significant discomfort.
Control of hazard
General methods of controlling environmental factors or hazards that may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort among workers.
Occupational safety
It means safety at the workplaces or freedom of danger or sickness.
The aim is to eliminate work Injuries and loss of industrial property
Factors to be considered in occupational hygiene
Human factors:
Training
Health status such as visual or hearing problems
Environmental factors:
Temperature
Noise or poor lighting in the working environment
Work factors:
Length of shift or error of design
Personal protective equipment (PPE):
They are the equipment, dresses, wears and tools used by the workers individually for personal protection from occupational hazards.
Examples of industrial PPE:
• head protection
• respiratory protection
• foot and leg protection
• eye and face protection
• hand and arm protection
• body protection
Occupational diseases
Defined as thr diseases caused by exposure to agent in the workplace environment where the relationship to specific causative factors at work has been fully identified, measured and eventually controlled
Work related diseases
Are diseases partially caused by adverse working conditions.
They may be aggravated, accelerated or exacerbated by workplace exposure, and may impair working capacity
Workplace always be outdoor filed (T/F)
F
Workplace may be a confined “indoor” or open field “outdoor”
Major categories of occupational illness by organ system:
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Respiratory disorders
• Nuerologic and psychiatric disorders
• Skin disorders
• Reproductive and development disorders
• Cardiovascular disorders
• Hematologic disorders
• Hepatic disorders
• Rebal and urinary disorders
Surveillance of occupational diseases
1.Medical screening: testing for diagnosis of disease in individuals at an early stage
2.Medical monitoring: the routine measurement of health indices, with analysis and interpretation of the data.
3.Biological Monitoring: The sampling of body fluids or tissues to estimate toxins or their metabolites with a view to assess degree of exposure or degree of toxicity to chemical agents at work or detection of early occupational
4.Exposure monitoring: Involving air measurements of chemicals to which workers are exposed.
Examples of medical monitoring in surveillance of occupational diseases:
Routin periodic examination
Periodic audiometry
Examples of Biological monitoring in surveillance of occupational diseases:
Serum serology for hiv, serum lead level, and serum liver enzymes
Examples of Exposure monitoring in surveillance of occupational diseases:
Radiation dosimeter
Sound level meter
Categories of occupational hazards
Physical hazards
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards
Mechanical hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Way to reduce the risk of biological hazards in medical field:
• Health workers who may come in contact with blood or body fluids should receive hepatitis B vaccination.
• Follow all safety procedures in the workplace.
• Regularly undertake safety refresher course
• Minimise use of needles.
• Remember that latex gloves don’t protect against needlestifk injuries.
• Don’t bend or snap used needles
• Never re-cap a used needle
• Place used needles into a clearly labelled and puncture-proof sharps approved container.
What to do when a needle-stick injury is reported:
• Conduct a risk assessment
• record exposure engagement
• describe the situation, including where the incident occurred
• evaluate the nerd for prophylaxis/treatment intervention
