Important Short Notes Flashcards
Definition of Public Health
Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort.
Dimensions of health:
Physical dimension: Physical health is a state in which every cell and every organ is functioņing at optimum, capacity and in perfect harmony with the rest of the body (clean skin, eyes, sound slèep, fegular activity of bowels or bladder).
Mental dimension: a state of balance and harmony between the individual and surrounding world (Free of internal conflicts, Not at war with him self, Well with others, He knows himself, his needs, problems and goals, self control, can face the problems)
Social dimension: Social,wellbeing implies, harmony and integration between each individual and other members of societỷ maintaining satisfying relationships.
Spiritual dimension: It refers to our personal beliefs, values, principles and ethics
Emotional dimension: Is ability to accept and cope with our own and others feelings Mental health can be seen as knowing or cognition
Vocational dimension: When work, is fully adapted to human, goaļs, capacities and limitations, work often plays a role in promoting both physical and mental health.
Other dimensions: such as educational dimension, nutritional dimension, environmental dimension
Four stages of prevention:
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
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- Primordial Prevention – Focuses on preventing the emergence of risk factors by promoting healthy environments and behaviors (e.g., public health policies, health education).
- Primary Prevention – Aims to prevent disease before it occurs by reducing risk factors (e.g., vaccination, lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise).
- Secondary Prevention – Focuses on early detection and intervention to halt or slow disease progression (e.g., screening programs, early treatment of hypertension to prevent stroke).
- Tertiary Prevention – Involves managing established disease to prevent complications and improve quality of life (e.g., rehabilitation after a stroke, diabetes management).
Definition of pandemic
A large endemic, which spread from one country to another in a short time or occur at the same time in different countries.
Definition of isolation
Separation for a period of communicability of infected person(s) or animals from others to prevent or limit the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent.
Definition of quarantine
Isolation of well persons who have come in contact with an infectious disease for a period of time equal to the longest incubation period of the disease
Definition of eradication
It is an absolute process of termination of an infectious disease from the whole word
Modes of transmission:
Direct: direct contact, droplet infection, contact with soil, inoculation into skin/mucosa, and vertical (transplacental).
Indirect: vehicle born, vector borne, fomite borne, air borne, and unclean hands/fingers.
Types of surveillance
Individual surveillance
Local population surveillance
National population surveillance
International surveillance
Causes of re-emergence disease:
• Antibiotics resistance: MRSA, MDR, penicillin resistance pneumococci
• Practices of modern medicine: spread of Hepatitis B &C due to dialysis and blood transfusion
• Lifestyle and behavioral factors: HIV/syphilis, cultural & social factors, iv drug abuse, travel and tourism.
• Unplanned urbanization: overcrowding, poor sanitation, war, and famine.
The epidemiological factors that lead to global smallpox eradication:
No long term carrier
No known animal reservoir
Highly effective vaccine
Immunity is life-long
Clinical diagnosis is simple
Sub-clinical cases do not transmit the disease
International cooperation
Non-communicable diseases are characterized by:
• non-comtagious origin (Non-communicable)
• complex aetiology (cause)
• multiple risk factors
• long latency period
• usually develop and progress over long period
• cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduce quality of life
• unrecoverable
• insidious onset
Classification of risk factors:
Modifiable risk factors:
Physical inactivity
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Unhealthy diets
Non-modifiable risk factors:
Age
Gender
Family history
Ethnicity
Most common causes of impairment and disability
• Chronic diseases: CVS disease & DM
• Injuries: RTA, conflicts, falls
• Mental impairments
• Genetic factors: chromosomal & metabolic disorders
• Biological factors: age parents at conception (down)
• Prenatal factors: maternal diseases & infections (TORCH)
• Natal factors: prematurity and low birth weight
• Childhood factors: malnutrition deficiencies, rickets
• Infectious diseases: polio, meningitis, measles.
Types of rehabilitation
• Medical rehabilitation: restoration of the function.
• Vocational rehabilitation: restoration of the capacity to earn livelihood.
• Social rehabilitation: restoration of the family & social relationship.
• Psychological rehabilitation: restoration of personal dignity & confidence.
Advantages of breastfeeding to mothers
• Decrease postpartum bleeding (it increases the involution of uterus)
• fertility control
• decrease risk for breast, ovarian cancers, and osteoporosis
• Psychological value
Effects of obesity on health:
• cardiovascular diseases
• diabetes mellitus type 2
• obstructive sleep apnea, asthma
• cancer (endometrial, breast, and colon)
• osteoarthritis
• infertility
• reduce life expectancy
Management functions
Planning: Identifying the existing situation, the desired future state, and the actions to reach that desired state.
Decision taking: Commitment of one of several alternatives (e.g.decisions to take a corrective action.) must be made.
Organizing: Breaking work down into components. Rules are assigned. It also includes development of organizational chart and job description.
Staffing: Determination of personnel needs and selection, orientation, training and continuing evaluation of individuals (Staff
Directing or actuating: Provision of guidance and leadership so that the work performed is goal oriented, it also include motivating
Controlling:Monitoring and evaluation of the work.
PRINCIPLES OF PHC:
Equitable Distribution: Health service provision to 20/ 16-17 Q groups in every area. Increase the number of Health Centers. provement of transportation.
Community participation: Identify health problems & seeking solutions Self-care. Participation in planning & implementation & maintenance
Intersectoral coordination Improvement & Protection of the health of the community depends upon their socio-cultural and environmental conditions as: □ Role of municipality in environmental sanitation. □ Role of ministry of Agriculture in provision of water- supply and food production and control of zoonsis.
Appropriate technology: Scientifically sound Materials and methods accessible to the community for its health needs & development
Steps of planning cycle:
• Analysis of the health situation
• Establishment of objectives & goals
• Assessment of resources
• Fixing priorities
• Write up the formulated plain
• programming and implementation
• Monitoring
• Evaluation
