Diseases Prevention Flashcards
Disease control involves all measures designed to prevent or reduce as much as possible the :
incidence, prevalence and consequences of disease
Steps of disease prevention
• Acting on reservoir or source of infection
• Acting on routes of transmission
• Acting on susceptible host
Disease Control in humans include:
Early Diagnosis
Notification
Isolation
Treatment
Quarantine
Surveillance
Disinfection
It is the cornerstone on which the edifice of disease control is built.
Early diagnosis
Early diagnosis is need for
• The treatment of patients
• For epidemiological investigations
• To study the time, place & person distribution
• For the institution of prevention & control measures
When there is a disease outbreak. The Identification of the source of infection
Epidemiological investigation:
Factors influencing it’s spread in the community
• Geographical situation
• Climatic condition
• Social, cultural & behavioural patterns
• Character of the agent, reservoir, the vectors & vehicles
• The susceptible host population
Diseases under surveillance by WHO:
Lous-borne typhus fever
Paralytic polio
Viral influenza
Malaria
Notifiable diseases under the International Health Regulations (IHR): by the National health authorities to the WHO:
Cholera, Plague, Yellow fever should be notified immediately.
Diseases notifiable nationally in Libya are:
- Hemorrhagic fevers
- Neonatal tetanus
- Anthrax
- Epidemic Typhus
- Poliomyelitis
- Meningococcal Meningitis
- Diphtheria and Food Borne Intoxication
Diseases that need immediately notification in Libya
Cholera
Food borne Intoxication
Anthrax
Plague
Meningococcal meningitis
Yellow fever
Typhus fever
Tetanus neonatorum
Diphtheria
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)
Other viral hemorrhagic fevers
Any disease in the form of epidemic
Duration of isolation is determined by
Duration of communicability of the disease
And the effect of chemotherapy on infectivity
Isolation is recommended only when:
The risk of transmission of infection is serious
Types of isolation:
Standard isolation
Strict isolation
Protective isolation
High security isolation
Isolation is useful in
Cholera
Diphtheria
Pneumonic plague
Streptococcal respiratory diseases
Isolation isn’t useful in:
Hepatitis
Typhoid
Polio
because of large number of subclinical cases
Control in susceptible host can be done in 3 ways
Active immunization
Passive immunization
Combined
Types of vaccines:
Live vaccine
Killed vaccine
Toxoids
Cellular fraction vaccine
Genetically engineered vaccine
Combined vaccines
Examples of Live vaccine:
BCG, measles ,mumps, rubella, OPV, yellow fever, oral typhoid.
These are CI in persons with immunodeficiency and pregnancy.
Examples of Killed vaccine:
cholera, pertussis, cerebrospinal meningitis, rabies, Salk vaccine (inactivated poliovirus vaccine IPV), Japanese encephalitis etc
Examples of Toxoids:
diptheria, tetanus
these vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies against the toxin only
Examples of Cellular fractions:
meningococcal and capsular pneumococcal vaccine
Examples of Genitically engineered vaccines :
Recombinant DNA vaccine for HepB
Examples of Combined vaccines:
DPT, DT, MMR, Pentavaccine, Hexa vaccine etc,
Passive immunization is useful only when
When exposure to infection has just occurred or is imminent within the next few days
Types of preparations available for passive immunization
• Normal human immmunoglobulin
• Specific (hyperimmune) human immunoglobuline
• Antisera or antitoxins
Current recommendations about combined immunization
• Immunoglobulin should not be given within 3 weeks before, or until 2 weeks after the administration of a live attenuated vaccine
• Exceptions Hepatitis B vaccine & Hepatitis immunoglobulin given simultaneously.
Example of clinical prophylaxis
Chloroquine for malaria
Types of disinfection
Concurrent disinfection
Terminal disinfection
Recurrent or prophylactic disinfection
