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Psyc 411 > Sept 9 > Flashcards

Sept 9 Flashcards

1
Q

systemic racism alt term

A

structural racism

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2
Q

systemic racism definition

A

processes of racism that are embedded in LAWS (local, state, federal), POLICIES, and PRACTICES

of SOCIETY and its INSTITUTIONS

that provide ADVANTAGES to RACIAL groups deemed as SUPERIOR

while differentially OPPRESSING, DISADVANTAGING, or otherwise NEGLECTING racial groups viewed as inferior

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3
Q

Dr David Williams video

A

tells story of Clyde, a black man who went to Yale and died of a blood clot at 62

many of his black classmates also died young - black people had a death rate 3 times higher than average

every 7 mins, a black person dies prematurely in the US (200 daily who wouldn’t die if things were equal between the races)

at every level of education, white live longer than blacks

whites who have graduated from high school live longer than blacks with a college degree

key to lifespan disparity = DE FACTO SEGREGATION

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4
Q

racial bias in US health care system algorithms

A

US health care system uses commercial algorithms to GUIDE HEALTH DECISIONS

evidence of racial bias - Black patients at same risk level by algorithm’s calculations are SICKER than white patients

reduces number of black patients identified for extra care by MORE THAN HALF

happens because algorithm uses HEALTH COSTS as proxy for HEALTH NEEDS

less money is spent on Black patients who have same level of need, so algorithm FALSELY CONCLUDES they are healthier than equally sick white patients

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5
Q

us health algorithm - what proxy does it use for health needs?

A

health costs

and less money is spent on black patients who are equally as sick as white patients

so they are seen as less in need of extra care by the algorithm

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6
Q

hiring: AI and systemic racism

A

widespread fears about bias in AI-driven HIRING platforms

are certain types of NAMES, SPORTS, UNIS… selected against by AI?

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7
Q

beyond hiring: AI and systemic racism

A
  1. 5 known wrongful arrests based on AI facial recognition - ALL 5 WITH BLACK MALES

facial recognition is much worse at identifying black faces than white ones

  1. social media FILTERS and GENERATIVE ART changes Black people’s facial features, skin, hair to look MORE EURO-CENTRIC
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8
Q

facial recognition software: systemic racism

A

facial recognition software sucks for black faces

often mistakenly labels female and male black faces

because of LACK OF DIVERSITY IN DATA used to TRAIN the aI

usually majority “pale male data”

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9
Q

residential segregation: systemic racism

A

neighbourhoods are segregated

the secret source of racial inequality in the US

where you live determines your access to opportunities in EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, MEDICAL CARE

not even one US city where Whites and Blacks live in equal contexts

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10
Q

if you statistically eliminate residential segregation…

A

it greatly reduces racial inequality

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11
Q

housing disparities: mortgage lending

A

contributes to segregation in NA neighbourhoods

gaping racial disparities in mortgage lending

Fair Housing Act failed America because it isn’t enforced

35% of Black applicants are approved for mortgage loans, compared to 56% of White applicants in same income bracket

in majority White neighbourhoods, White people have approval rate 1.5 times higher than Black applicants

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12
Q

mortgage lending approval rate differential even when holding income and loan amount constant

A

20%

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13
Q

prime loan vs subprime loan

A

prime: at best rate

subprime: pay more over the life of the loan

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14
Q

Justice Department reaches settlement with Wells Fargo resulting in more than $175 million in relief for homeowners to resolve Fair Lending Claims

A

between 2004-2008

Wells Fargo discriminated by steering 4000 African American and Hispanic wholesale borrowers (and retail borrowers)

into SUBPRIME MORTGAGES when non-Hispanic white borrowers with SIMILAR CREDIT profiles received PRIME LOANS

Wells Fargo charged approx 30 000 African American and Hispanic wholesale borrowers HIGHER FEES and RATES than non-Hispanic white borrowers BECAUSE of their RACE or NATIONAL ORIGIN rather than borrowers’ credit worthiness/other objective criteria related to borrower risk

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15
Q

the difference between a prime and subprime loan…

A

is only a COUPLE PERCENTAGE POINTS

ie. 5.24% monthly rate versus 6.24% monthly rate

but 1% diff results in an extra $290 a month

2% diff results in an extra $593 a month

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16
Q

across 25 year term, you’ll pay how much more with a subprime mortgage rate?

A

$87 000 - $177 900 more

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17
Q

by focusing on the “racists” as the problem behind racism…

A

we keep attention away from the STRUCTURE and COLLECTIVE PRACTICES

that MAINTAIN RACIAL DOMINATION

and this is “the goal of racism”

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18
Q

if racism were a matter of fighting or educating the “racists”, then…

A

cohort replacement and increasing educational level of population would have ALREADY PRODUCED the ELIMINATION of the problem

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19
Q

racial domination is not an _______ action or an __________/_________ event…

A

not ISOLATED action

or an EXCEPTIONAL or DISCRETE event

it is SUSTAINED, ROUTINIZED, enacted in form of PRACTICES, RULES, DEVICES, DISCOURSES

which all end up REPRODUCING the racial status quo

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20
Q

systemic racism: we are all…

A

racialized beings

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21
Q

systemic racism: we all act within…

A

racialized society

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22
Q

systemic racism: we all participate within a system of…

A

structural racism

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23
Q

historically, racializers are…

A

white people

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24
Q

how is racialization an active process?

A

it happens/shifts over time

immigration trends in US as to who was counted as white

“how Italians became ‘White’”

“White immigrants weren’t always considered white - and acceptable”

often governments play role in conceptualization of racial and ethnic groups

25
Q

the canadian census uses these two questions to…

A

group people into 3 categories

  1. white
  2. indigenous
  3. visible minority
25
Q

Canadian census population group options

A

11 options

  1. white
  2. south asian (eg east indian, pakistani, sri lankan etc)
  3. chinese
  4. black
  5. filipino
  6. latin american
  7. arab
  8. southeast asian (eg vietnamese, cambodian, laotian, thai etc)
  9. west asian (eg iranian, afghan etc)
  10. korean
  11. japanese
  12. other

^confusing and seemingly arbitrary categories (also, no countries on the African continent are listed)

also has follow up question: select all that apply: First Nations, Metis and/or Inuk

26
Q

in canadian census, you can’t be a visible minority if…

A

you are indigenous

this erases Black-Indigenous identity

27
Q

implications of Stats Can classification categories

A

stats on HEALTH, EMPLOYMENT, WELLBEING, EDUCATION etc

often reported based on those 3 groups

COLLAPSES across MINORITIZED GROUPS with wildly diff experiences

28
Q

Stats Can is publicly _________ but

A

accessible

but you CAN’T DISAGGREGATE DATA by RACIAL GROUP

you need clearance to access specialized data centre

29
Q

if Stats Can data are disaggregated by visible minority group…

A

they are generally not compared to White people

30
Q

Beals quote on Stats Can

A

“such INDOLENCE facilitates the process of minority status identification for public and private institutions, such as gathering statistics, health policy, judiciary systems, policing systems (ie. racial profiling/carding), and the MAINTAINING OR DENYING OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES”

31
Q

systemic racism: racial choices are obviously not limited to housing…

A

they affect almost everything Whites do

  • friends they have
  • schools they attend
  • churches they patron
  • jobs they hold
  • leisure activities they enjoy
  • seat they choose on train/bus

^all these things reinforce SR

32
Q

living in white communities sustains…

A

the racialization of the housing market

  1. Whites’ homes, net of quality, are valued HIGHER than those of POC - this helps preserve the RACIAL WELATH GAP
  2. SCHOOLS are connected to neighbourhoods too, and thus the more Whites segregate themselves residentially, the higher the level of SCHOOL SEGREGATION
  3. Segregation in neighbourhoods, schools, friend networks and churches shape profoundly WHITES’ VIEWS and EMOTIONS on race matters
  4. White’s RACIAL ISOLATION SHAPES their LIVES from birth to death
33
Q

solutions to segregation?

A

demographic INTEGRATION of neighbourhoods, schools, friendship networks, jobs

MUST be accompanied by HOLISTIC EFFORT TO UNDO THE RACIAL STRUCTURE of society

increasing racial diversity in organizations without attending to RACIAL POWER DYNAMICS in structure and culture leads to RACIAL COHABITATION rather than true integration

34
Q

what leads to racial cohabitation instead of true integration?

A

increasing racial diversity in organizations without attending to racial power dynamics in structure and culture

35
Q

solutions to segregation: can’t try to fix one part of the system in isolation…

A

efforts will be stunted by the effects of other parts of the system

“addressing systemic racism is like playing Whack-a-mole except that to win the game the player should try to simultaneously seal all the holes from which the model can come through”

36
Q

pervasive idea that racial disparities in health are due to ____ instead of race

A

SES

logic is that:
- minority people tend to be lower SES
- low SES is associated with poor outcomes
- therefore, minority people show poor outcomes because they’re generally lower SES

plenty of work shows positive associations between SES and health

programs that reduce poverty generally have positive impacts on youth’s health downstream

37
Q

addressing SES/income equality explanation for racial health disparities: asking what are racial disparities in health among NONPOOR Black and Latinx communities, and how does discrimination fit in? setup

A

Cohen et al 2018

data on nationally representative US sample of 5000+ individuals aged 14-41

28% black, 19% latinx

participants were kids of women originally enrolled in 1979 longitudinal study of youth

asked about ACUTE and CHRONIC discrimination (no attribution to race or other identity status)

acute: very recent
chronic: everyday type

38
Q

addressing SES/income equality explanation for racial health disparities: asking what are racial disparities in health among NONPOOR Black and Latinx communities, and how does discrimination fit in? findings 1

A
  1. black and latinx people overall report more discrimination than white people
  2. upwardly economically mobile black people face MORE ACUTE DISCRIMINATION than black people whose SES stays stable across time
  3. opposite pattern for latinx and white people
  4. upwardly mobile latinx people face MORE CHRONIC DISCRIMINATION than latinx people with stable SES across time
39
Q

as black and latinx people move up the ladder, they…

A

as black and latinx people move up the ladder, they face MORE DISCRIMINATION

for black people, comes in the form of acute discrimination (very recent)

for latinx people, comes in the form of chronic discrimination (everyday)

40
Q

addressing SES/income equality explanation for racial health disparities: asking what are racial disparities in health among NONPOOR Black and Latinx communities, and how does discrimination fit in? findings 2

A

upwardly mobile black and latinx people have between 17-23% and 28-29% higher risk of having POOR SELF-REPORTED HEALTH relative to white people

when you account for exposure to acute discrimination, gap shrinks by 58% for black people and 6% for latinx people

similar pattern for chronic discrimination

41
Q

summary of Cohen et al 2018

A
  1. racial disparities in self-reported health are apparent even among people who have been upwardly socially mobile
  2. disparities partially to fully accounted for by discrimination depending on type (acute vs chronic) and population (black or latinx)
  3. difference in exposure to discrimination by race
42
Q

will reducing income inequality help with disparities in racial health outcomes?

A

yes, but not fully

income inequality doesn’t fully account for racial disparities in outcomes

  1. DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURES (minorities are more exposed to disc) may drive continued disparities
  2. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS may do the same
43
Q

how do differential effects of disc contribute to disparities?

A

black people don’t benefit as much from:

  1. REDUCTION OF RISK FACTORS
  2. INTRODUCTION OF PROMOTIVE FACTORS

compared to white people

44
Q

white populations are more sensitive to…

A

the introduction of protective factors

the introduction of negative factors

(minority groups are less affected by negative things because they’re used to them)

45
Q

reasons behind DIMINISHED RETURNS for Black people vs White people

A

all tie into STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES

  1. labour market preferences and practices
  2. discrimination
  3. cumulative disparities due to initial disadvantage
  4. cost of upward social mobility
46
Q

labour market preferences and practices

A

cause 1 for diminished returns for black vs white people

racial disparities in employment

  • racialized people in Canada have higher participation in labour force AND higher unemployment
  • 13.4% of black people in MTL with grad degrees are unemployed (equal to unemployment rate for non-Black people who didn’t finish secondary school/high school)
  • racial biases in hiring practices
47
Q

cumulative disparities due to initial disadvantage

A

cause 2 for diminished returns for black vs white people

HAVES are better able to capitalize on resources than have-nots

initial advantage SNOWBALLS and leads to GREATER CUMULATIVE ADVANTAGE

racial wealth gap starts people on an uneven playing field - capitol gains disparity between racialized and non-racialized groups

48
Q

costs of upward social mobility

A

cause 3 for diminished returns for black vs white people

49
Q

example of a racial bias in hiring practices

A

people with “Asian-sounding names” are 20-40% less likely to get a callback when applying

50
Q

can the racial wealth gap be calculated in canada?

A

no

51
Q

racial disparity in capitol gains and investment income

A

capitol gains for racialized people: 8.3%

capitol gains for non-racialized people:
11.9%

investment income for racialized people:
25.1%

investment income for non-racialized people:
30.8%

52
Q

health consequences of upward social mobility

A
  1. striving
  2. competing demands
  3. lack of belonging
  4. mismatch of low-SES traits in high-SES environments
53
Q

striving

A

very high effort coping

moving up ladder is so hard that you cope in a very high effort style called striving

harmful for physiological health (increased cellular ageing, increase cardiovascular disease risk)

a health consequence of upward social mobility

54
Q

lack of belonging

A

“do I fit in?”

differences in social capitol

higher SES groups tend to be less racially, ethnically and culturally diverse

higher up the ladder = more likely to feel like an outsider in this community

a health consequence of upward social mobility

55
Q

mismatch of low-SES traits in high-SES environments

A

what got you up the ladder may not be helpful once you’re at the top

things you to do build wealth are different than things you do to maintain wealth

a health consequence of upward social mobility

56
Q

competing demands

A

ie. have to balance school and job and family

a health consequence of upward social mobility

57
Q

overall lecture summary

A
  1. racism, sexism, heterosexism, and homophobia are embedded in unequal systems
  2. these unequal systems lead to wide array of inequalities impacting one’s educational chances, employment, access to healthcare, and financial opportunities
  3. reducing SES-disparities is helpful, but differences in exposure to discrimination and diminishing returns reduce efficacy of pure reduction in income inequality
  4. all these things have health implications
  5. structural inequalities lead to and perpetuate interpersonal discrimination

Psyc 411 (22 decks)

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