Sept 23 Flashcards
time horizon in studies
how many times data are collected from the same participants for the same variables of interest
cross sectional time horizon
one off measurement
or measurements at multiple times, but diff variables
longitudinal time horizon
multiple surveys of same participant for same variable
same sample and same variable of interest
cross sectional design benefits
- compare cohorts of DIFF AGES to one another at a GIVEN TIME
- relatively CHEAP and PRACTICAL
cross sectional design drawbacks
- can’t learn about how INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE CHANGE with age (effects are BETWEEN-PERSON)
- age effects are confounded with cohort effects
cross sectional designs can only elucidate _________-person effects
between-person
can’t learn about how individual people change with age
what effects are confounded in cross sectional designs?
age effects and cohort effects
can we conclude from a cross sectional design that discrimination increases across time?
no
because we didn’t measure the passage of time
longitudinal design benefits
- can make WITHIN-SUBJECTS COMPARISONS
- no cohort effects
longitudinal design drawbacks
- subjects drop out
- may be effects of repeated testing
- requires foresight (and funding!)
- time consuming
- age effects confounded with time measurement effects
what effects are confounded in longitudinal designs?
age effects are confounded with time of measurement effects
longitudinal designs can make _________-subjects comparisons
WITHIN-subjects
because real change over time is being examined
are there cohort effects in longitudinal designs?
no
because we’re only looking at one cohort (everyone being sampled is the same age)
weaknesses of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
- often RETROSPECTIVE report
- recall bias
- recency bias - snapshot or long-term follow ups DON’T SHOW us what’s happening in the DAY TO DAY
- how do I feel now, right after facing discrimination today?
- do effects linger?
- do effects not show up until tmrw?
recall bias
ie. if asked how you’ve been feeling over the past 4 months, will have more trouble remembering 4 weeks ago than 4 days ago
ability to accurately recall over a time window makes responses less accurate
recency bias
we might be more likely to report on how we’ve been feeling recently
what can overcome the 2 commonly shared issues of longitudinal and cross sectional designs?
experience sampling measures (ESM)
experience sampling
measure people repeatedly across short time span
ie. everyday for 21 days
reduces retrospective and other biases
intra-individual change
ESM: types of sampling
- fixed time sampling
- but Ps may adapt daily habits to fit around sampling
- results in behaviour change - random time sampling
- lowers reactivity and behaviour adjustment - event sampling
- good for events like smoking a cig or interacting with a child
ESM: 3 types of Qs we can answer
- “on days when I face more discrimination than I normally do in a 2 week period, do I report more negative affect and less positive affect?”
- do those effects last?
- how long do they last? - “do people seek more support from friends and parents on days when they face discrimination?”
- “do I report more discrimination on days I’m more aware of my racial or gender identity?”
what are the 2 most commonly reported daily instance of discrimination? (when measured by daily diary studies)
- weight
- gender
are there a lot of ESM discrimination studies?
no, not many
25 ESM discrimination studies
25 ESM discrimination studies were composed of…
4 weight-based
9 race-based
2 sexual orientation
8 gender
1 race x gender
1 race x sexual orientation
2022 pre print only finds __ studies of ethnic-racial dis among adolescents
19
Potter et al review of ESM studies on daily discrimination: setup
25 studies reviewed
average sample size = 86
sample size range = 29-225
- studies tended to be smaller, but balanced by lots of days of data
age range = 14-70
Potter et al review of ESM studies on daily discrimination: question they asked
what are the most common sources of daily discrimination?
Potter et al review of ESM studies on daily discrimination: findings
WEIGHT and GENDER discrimination are most common sources of daily discrimination
often BY PEOPLE CLOSE TO VICTIM (family members, romantic partners etc)
- often reported by people in immediate social network (not by victims themselves)
and by STRANGERS
- disc commonly reported in public spaces
daily frequency of discrimination: weight-based
estimates from around 4 out of every 7 days (0.57 experiences/day)
to 3 experiences per day
unclear whether BMI, age and sex impact frequency
daily frequency of discrimination: race-based
estimates between less than 1 a week (<0.14/day) to 2 a day
young people report more daily discrimination
women report more than men
daily frequency of discrimination: sexual orientation based
estimated at 2 a day
daily frequency of discrimination: gender-based
estimates vary by gender
women: 1-2 events/week against them
men only notice 1 event/week against women
USING CHECKLIST:
women report 1 per day
men <1 per week
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - question they asked
how does previous night’s sleep (duration & quality) strengthen or weaken racial discrimination, stress response and wellbeing associations?
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - setup
N = 256 (big sample)
ethnically/racially minoritized adolescents
daily diary study
14 days of daily diaries
14 days of wearing sleep tracker
> 2000 days of data when combined
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - conceptual model
previous night sleep
a. duration
b. quality
ethnic/racial discrimination >
stress responses >
a. rumination
b. problem solving
c. family support
d. peer support
adolescent wellbeing
a. negative mood
b. somatic symptoms
c. positive mood
d. life satisfaction
also affected by previous-day stress responses and previous-day wellbeing
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - what was hypothesized
same day level:
1. days on which disc is reported, that disc will be associated with DIFF STRESS/COPING responses
ie. might ruminate more, or problem solve more
- these stress responses will be related to DIFF DAILY MEASURES OF WELLBEING
ie. negative mood, somatic symptoms…
daily ethnic/racial disc causes more stress responses and affects wellbeing
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - what mediates what?
daily stress responses MEDIATE relationship between daily discrimination and adolescent wellbeing
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - how you slept the previous night might impact…
your stress response
and therefore impact the way you cope
- less energy and mental resources
- messed up stress response
- may make disc more strongly associated with maladaptive coping ie. rumination
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - findings I
association between discrimination and stress responses DIFFERED according to sleep duration and/or quality
^depending on coping response
a. when youth have slept EXTRA LONG the night before, they do MORE PROBLEM SOLVING when facing discrimination
b/c. when youth spend LESS TIME DURING NIGHT AWAKE (proxy for sleep quality), they do MORE PROBLEM SOLVING and get MORE SOCIAL SUPPORT when facing disc
Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - findings - stress response > outcomes
problem solving > more positive wellbeing (daily mood & life satisfaction)
peer support > more positive wellbeing
significant INDIRECT EFFECTS (mediated effects)
^discrimination & discrimination x sleep > problem solving & peer support > positive wellbeing
daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - questions
what are SAME DAY and NEXT DAY effects of racial disc on DIURNAL CORTISOL amongst Black American adults?
how does racial identity fit in?
do effects extend past one day?
daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - setup
93 black adults
20 male, 73 female
17-56 years old
14 day daily diary study
daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - findings
when people reported facing more discrimination than they usually do:
same day:
1. HIGHER OVERALL CORTISOL (more AUC)
- HIGHER BEDTIME CORTISOL
next day:
1. FLATTER CAR (steep CAR is adaptive)
- STEEPER DIURNAL SLOPE
daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - what does a steeper diurnal cortisol slope mean?
means that their cortisol went back down to lower levels QUICKER THAN NORMAL
this is a good thing
daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - steeper diurnal cortisol slope is esp true for…
for those that reported being black as an ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR IDENTITY
daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - what’s the most adaptive thing they found?
next day - steeper diurnal cortisol response
shows that body is being adaptive and getting cortisol levels back down
the other findings are tough: same day higher AUC and bedtime cortisol and next day flatter CAR
daily microaggressions & cortisol study - setup
examined even longer DELAYED EFFECTS of MICRO-AGGRESSIONS on CORTISOL
how do daily micro-aggressions predict overall cortisol a full week later?
53 black and latinx young adults
ages 18-25
daily microaggressions & cortisol study - findings
daily micro-aggressions (total) predicted cortisol AUC 1 WEEK LATER
looked at subtypes of micro-aggressions
daily microaggressions & cortisol study - findings related to micro-aggression subtypes
- INFERIORITY MICRO-AGGRESSIONS and micro-aggressions about CRIMINALITY and SECOND-CLASS CITIZENSHIP associated with next week’s CAR
- MICRO-INVALIDATIONS not associated with next week cortisol
Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? setup
50 SGM young adults
mostly white
mostly female
mostly lesbian or bisexual
aged 18-45
EMA - 6 prompts per day on smartwatch for 14 days
Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? FINDINGS - DISC FREQUENCY
50 participants
37 reported no SGM-based disc
14 reported no other disc
but overall…
a. 93 SGM-disc experiences across 63 prompts among the 13 people who did experience SGM disc
b. 201 other disc across 137 prompts
so more reports of disc unrelated to SGM
Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? FINDINGS - IMPACT OF SGM DISC
on a single day, SGM based disc associated with…
a. 299% greater odds of nicotine use
b. 359% greater odds of substance use
c. effects strengthen as day goes on
d. stronger evidence of later in day lagged effects for substance use
Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? FINDINGS - IMPACT OF OTHER DISC
on a single day, OTHER disc associated with
a. 202% greater odds of nicotine use
b. 163% greater odds of substance use
c. lagged effects of substance use
Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? SUMMARY
SGM based disc only endorsed by subset of people
but those people report fairly frequent experiences (maybe SGM is more visible part of their identity)
both SGM and other disc impacts concurrent nicotine and substance use
SGM disc more strongly associated than other disc
lagged effects of substance use
where does field need to go in measurement of daily disc and health?
- better measurement
- moving beyond interpersonal disc (structural too)
- capturing intersectional experiences & integrating mixed methods
- not just lagged effects, examining recovery to baseline after disc
- integrating daily methods with longitudinal work
- protective factors - interpersonal, familial, contextual
