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Psyc 411 > Sept 23 > Flashcards

Sept 23 Flashcards

1
Q

time horizon in studies

A

how many times data are collected from the same participants for the same variables of interest

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2
Q

cross sectional time horizon

A

one off measurement

or measurements at multiple times, but diff variables

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3
Q

longitudinal time horizon

A

multiple surveys of same participant for same variable

same sample and same variable of interest

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4
Q

cross sectional design benefits

A
  1. compare cohorts of DIFF AGES to one another at a GIVEN TIME
  2. relatively CHEAP and PRACTICAL
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5
Q

cross sectional design drawbacks

A
  1. can’t learn about how INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE CHANGE with age (effects are BETWEEN-PERSON)
  2. age effects are confounded with cohort effects
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6
Q

cross sectional designs can only elucidate _________-person effects

A

between-person

can’t learn about how individual people change with age

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7
Q

what effects are confounded in cross sectional designs?

A

age effects and cohort effects

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8
Q

can we conclude from a cross sectional design that discrimination increases across time?

A

no

because we didn’t measure the passage of time

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9
Q

longitudinal design benefits

A
  1. can make WITHIN-SUBJECTS COMPARISONS
  2. no cohort effects
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10
Q

longitudinal design drawbacks

A
  1. subjects drop out
  2. may be effects of repeated testing
  3. requires foresight (and funding!)
  4. time consuming
  5. age effects confounded with time measurement effects
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11
Q

what effects are confounded in longitudinal designs?

A

age effects are confounded with time of measurement effects

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12
Q

longitudinal designs can make _________-subjects comparisons

A

WITHIN-subjects

because real change over time is being examined

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13
Q

are there cohort effects in longitudinal designs?

A

no

because we’re only looking at one cohort (everyone being sampled is the same age)

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14
Q

weaknesses of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

A
  1. often RETROSPECTIVE report
    - recall bias
    - recency bias
  2. snapshot or long-term follow ups DON’T SHOW us what’s happening in the DAY TO DAY
    - how do I feel now, right after facing discrimination today?
    - do effects linger?
    - do effects not show up until tmrw?
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15
Q

recall bias

A

ie. if asked how you’ve been feeling over the past 4 months, will have more trouble remembering 4 weeks ago than 4 days ago

ability to accurately recall over a time window makes responses less accurate

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16
Q

recency bias

A

we might be more likely to report on how we’ve been feeling recently

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17
Q

what can overcome the 2 commonly shared issues of longitudinal and cross sectional designs?

A

experience sampling measures (ESM)

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17
Q

experience sampling

A

measure people repeatedly across short time span

ie. everyday for 21 days

reduces retrospective and other biases

intra-individual change

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18
Q

ESM: types of sampling

A
  1. fixed time sampling
    - but Ps may adapt daily habits to fit around sampling
    - results in behaviour change
  2. random time sampling
    - lowers reactivity and behaviour adjustment
  3. event sampling
    - good for events like smoking a cig or interacting with a child
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19
Q

ESM: 3 types of Qs we can answer

A
  1. “on days when I face more discrimination than I normally do in a 2 week period, do I report more negative affect and less positive affect?”
    - do those effects last?
    - how long do they last?
  2. “do people seek more support from friends and parents on days when they face discrimination?”
  3. “do I report more discrimination on days I’m more aware of my racial or gender identity?”
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20
Q

what are the 2 most commonly reported daily instance of discrimination? (when measured by daily diary studies)

A
  1. weight
  2. gender
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21
Q

are there a lot of ESM discrimination studies?

A

no, not many

25 ESM discrimination studies

22
Q

25 ESM discrimination studies were composed of…

A

4 weight-based

9 race-based

2 sexual orientation

8 gender

1 race x gender

1 race x sexual orientation

23
Q

2022 pre print only finds __ studies of ethnic-racial dis among adolescents

A

19

24
Q

Potter et al review of ESM studies on daily discrimination: setup

A

25 studies reviewed

average sample size = 86

sample size range = 29-225
- studies tended to be smaller, but balanced by lots of days of data

age range = 14-70

25
Q

Potter et al review of ESM studies on daily discrimination: question they asked

A

what are the most common sources of daily discrimination?

26
Q

Potter et al review of ESM studies on daily discrimination: findings

A

WEIGHT and GENDER discrimination are most common sources of daily discrimination

often BY PEOPLE CLOSE TO VICTIM (family members, romantic partners etc)
- often reported by people in immediate social network (not by victims themselves)

and by STRANGERS
- disc commonly reported in public spaces

27
Q

daily frequency of discrimination: weight-based

A

estimates from around 4 out of every 7 days (0.57 experiences/day)

to 3 experiences per day

unclear whether BMI, age and sex impact frequency

28
Q

daily frequency of discrimination: race-based

A

estimates between less than 1 a week (<0.14/day) to 2 a day

young people report more daily discrimination

women report more than men

29
Q

daily frequency of discrimination: sexual orientation based

A

estimated at 2 a day

30
Q

daily frequency of discrimination: gender-based

A

estimates vary by gender

women: 1-2 events/week against them

men only notice 1 event/week against women

USING CHECKLIST:

women report 1 per day

men <1 per week

31
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - question they asked

A

how does previous night’s sleep (duration & quality) strengthen or weaken racial discrimination, stress response and wellbeing associations?

32
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - setup

A

N = 256 (big sample)

ethnically/racially minoritized adolescents

daily diary study

14 days of daily diaries

14 days of wearing sleep tracker

> 2000 days of data when combined

33
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - conceptual model

A

previous night sleep
a. duration
b. quality

ethnic/racial discrimination >

stress responses >
a. rumination
b. problem solving
c. family support
d. peer support

adolescent wellbeing
a. negative mood
b. somatic symptoms
c. positive mood
d. life satisfaction

also affected by previous-day stress responses and previous-day wellbeing

34
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - what was hypothesized

A

same day level:
1. days on which disc is reported, that disc will be associated with DIFF STRESS/COPING responses

ie. might ruminate more, or problem solve more

  1. these stress responses will be related to DIFF DAILY MEASURES OF WELLBEING

ie. negative mood, somatic symptoms…

daily ethnic/racial disc causes more stress responses and affects wellbeing

35
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - what mediates what?

A

daily stress responses MEDIATE relationship between daily discrimination and adolescent wellbeing

36
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - how you slept the previous night might impact…

A

your stress response

and therefore impact the way you cope

  • less energy and mental resources
  • messed up stress response
  • may make disc more strongly associated with maladaptive coping ie. rumination
37
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - findings I

A

association between discrimination and stress responses DIFFERED according to sleep duration and/or quality

^depending on coping response

a. when youth have slept EXTRA LONG the night before, they do MORE PROBLEM SOLVING when facing discrimination

b/c. when youth spend LESS TIME DURING NIGHT AWAKE (proxy for sleep quality), they do MORE PROBLEM SOLVING and get MORE SOCIAL SUPPORT when facing disc

38
Q

Wang & Yip: Sleep, Discrimination & Coping - findings - stress response > outcomes

A

problem solving > more positive wellbeing (daily mood & life satisfaction)

peer support > more positive wellbeing

significant INDIRECT EFFECTS (mediated effects)

^discrimination & discrimination x sleep > problem solving & peer support > positive wellbeing

39
Q

daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - questions

A

what are SAME DAY and NEXT DAY effects of racial disc on DIURNAL CORTISOL amongst Black American adults?

how does racial identity fit in?

do effects extend past one day?

40
Q

daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - setup

A

93 black adults

20 male, 73 female

17-56 years old

14 day daily diary study

41
Q

daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - findings

A

when people reported facing more discrimination than they usually do:

same day:
1. HIGHER OVERALL CORTISOL (more AUC)

  1. HIGHER BEDTIME CORTISOL

next day:
1. FLATTER CAR (steep CAR is adaptive)

  1. STEEPER DIURNAL SLOPE
42
Q

daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - what does a steeper diurnal cortisol slope mean?

A

means that their cortisol went back down to lower levels QUICKER THAN NORMAL

this is a good thing

43
Q

daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - steeper diurnal cortisol slope is esp true for…

A

for those that reported being black as an ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR IDENTITY

44
Q

daily racial discrimination & diurnal cortisol study - what’s the most adaptive thing they found?

A

next day - steeper diurnal cortisol response

shows that body is being adaptive and getting cortisol levels back down

the other findings are tough: same day higher AUC and bedtime cortisol and next day flatter CAR

45
Q

daily microaggressions & cortisol study - setup

A

examined even longer DELAYED EFFECTS of MICRO-AGGRESSIONS on CORTISOL

how do daily micro-aggressions predict overall cortisol a full week later?

53 black and latinx young adults

ages 18-25

46
Q

daily microaggressions & cortisol study - findings

A

daily micro-aggressions (total) predicted cortisol AUC 1 WEEK LATER

looked at subtypes of micro-aggressions

47
Q

daily microaggressions & cortisol study - findings related to micro-aggression subtypes

A
  1. INFERIORITY MICRO-AGGRESSIONS and micro-aggressions about CRIMINALITY and SECOND-CLASS CITIZENSHIP associated with next week’s CAR
  2. MICRO-INVALIDATIONS not associated with next week cortisol
48
Q

Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? setup

A

50 SGM young adults

mostly white

mostly female

mostly lesbian or bisexual

aged 18-45

EMA - 6 prompts per day on smartwatch for 14 days

49
Q

Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? FINDINGS - DISC FREQUENCY

A

50 participants

37 reported no SGM-based disc

14 reported no other disc

but overall…

a. 93 SGM-disc experiences across 63 prompts among the 13 people who did experience SGM disc

b. 201 other disc across 137 prompts

so more reports of disc unrelated to SGM

50
Q

Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? FINDINGS - IMPACT OF SGM DISC

A

on a single day, SGM based disc associated with…

a. 299% greater odds of nicotine use

b. 359% greater odds of substance use

c. effects strengthen as day goes on

d. stronger evidence of later in day lagged effects for substance use

51
Q

Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? FINDINGS - IMPACT OF OTHER DISC

A

on a single day, OTHER disc associated with

a. 202% greater odds of nicotine use

b. 163% greater odds of substance use

c. lagged effects of substance use

52
Q

Livingstone et al - How is SGM-based and other disc associated with concurrent and later nicotine and substance use among SGM young adults? SUMMARY

A

SGM based disc only endorsed by subset of people

but those people report fairly frequent experiences (maybe SGM is more visible part of their identity)

both SGM and other disc impacts concurrent nicotine and substance use

SGM disc more strongly associated than other disc

lagged effects of substance use

53
Q

where does field need to go in measurement of daily disc and health?

A
  1. better measurement
  2. moving beyond interpersonal disc (structural too)
  3. capturing intersectional experiences & integrating mixed methods
  4. not just lagged effects, examining recovery to baseline after disc
  5. integrating daily methods with longitudinal work
  6. protective factors - interpersonal, familial, contextual

Psyc 411 (25 decks)

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