Oct 2 Flashcards
intersectionality from video
when multiple minoritized identities are present within one person
ie. gender, sexuality, race, body size
ie. Call Me By Your Name isn’t intersectional (white gay men) but Moonlight is
intersectionality defined
impact of living with multiple marginalized statuses
different forms of social oppression are NOT ADDITIVE
they intersect and are unique
categories that pertain to intersectionality
ability
mental health
gender expression
appearance
fertility
race
language
political affiliation
occupation
class
marital status
education
ehtnicity
nationality
sexual orientation
culture
personality
physical health
age
hobbies
general theory linking intersectional experiences to health
INTERSECTIONAL IDENTITIES (ie. indigenous, female & disabled)
leads to
HEALTH OUTCOMES
mediated by
DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCES
what is the primary explanatory mechanism between health outcomes incurred by people with intersectional identities?
discrimination experiences
3 different ways of thinking about intersectional experiences
- interaction approach
- qualitative work
- within-group quantitative work
interaction approach
ie. moderation
quantitative approach
multiplying things together and seeing how the results for diff groups are diff
interested in all sorts of factors
race
racegenderdiscrimination
race*gender
gender
discrimination
and how all of these contribute to outcomes
limitations of the interaction approach
- when we start multiplying diff variable tgt it gets harder to get statistical power to identify EFFECTS
- sample size for interactions - need lots of people at EACH INTERSECTION in order to correctly predict
- don’t experiences look different and mean different things depending on one’s intersectional group identities?
- general items may not capture this
- diff groups are subject to diff stereotypes
qualitative work approach
getting people’s experiences in their own words - more rich, nuanced and detailed info than from self-report
ie. individual interviews, focus group interviews, analysis of forums/blogs/social media posts
between or within-group
often within-group
hearing about experiences from the source
more nuance than checking boxes
MEANING MAKING BEHIND EXPERIENCES
qualitative work approach allows for ______ _______ behind experiences
meaning making
ie. how getting followed around in stores MAKES YOU FEEL, what you THINK ABOUT IT, how you MAKE SENSE OF IT and DEAL WITH IT
qualitative work limitations
- generalizability
- isn’t goal of this work to generalize to large populations
- more of a deep dive into specific experiences of specific group - labour intensive
- structural issues
- less respected than qualitative work
- historically is less privileged than hard numbers and big numbers of people
within-group quantitative work
back to numbers, but deep diving into experience of group with a SPECIFIC INTERSECTION OF MARGINALIZED IDENTITIES
makes super unique measures, perfect for who we’re looking
more generalizable because it’s quantitative
targeted measures assessing experiences unique to intersectional identity groups under investigation
has the ADVANTAGES of qual (deeper dive) and quant (generalizability to group under study)
not as deep as qual - tells you about factors influencing disparities, but doesn’t highlight disparity itself since there’s no group comparison
within-group quantitative work doesn’t highlight disparity itself since…
there’s no group comparison
just looks at a single group
2 examples of gender x race intersectionality
Kerum et al - GENDERED RACIAL MICRO AGGRESSIONS SCALE FOR ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN
Lewis & Neville - GENDERED RACIAL MICRO AGGRESSION SCALE FOR BLACK WOMEN
both of these are within-group quantitative
example of within group quantitative method: Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Asian American Women
gender x race intersectionality
ASCRIBED SUBMISSIVENESS
- “others expect me to be submissive”
- “others have been surprised when I disagree with them”
ASIAN FETISHISM
- “others express sexual interest in me because of my Asian appearance”
MEDIA INVALIDATION
- “I see non-Asian women being casted to play female Asian characters”
ASSUMPTION OF UNIVERSAL APPEARANCE
- “others have talked about AAW as if they all have the same facial features”
example of within group quantitative method: Gendered Racial Micro Aggression Scale for Black Women
gender x race intersectionality
ASSUMPTIONS OF BEAUTY & SEXUAL OBJECTIFICATION
- “negative comments about size of facial features”
- “someone assumed I speak in a certain way”
SILENCED & MARGINALIZED
- “I’ve felt unheard”
- “my comments have been ignored”
STRONG BLACK WOMAN STEREOTYPE
- “someone assumed I was sassy and straightforward”
- “I’ve been told I’m too assertive”
ANGRY BLACK WOMAN STEREOTYPE
- “someone has told me to calm down”
comparing the two gender x race scales
both are focused on hyper-sexualization of women
but each one has very unique specificities and items tailored to the intersection they’re examining
SGM x racially minoritized people report…
- higher levels of exposure to stigma
- smaller support networks
- less feelings of control
unique risks of SGM x racial minoritization
- racial discrimination while dating
- racism within larger LGBTQ+ community
- heterosexism in racial communities
DOUBLY OPPRESSED
(the above is a very non-exhaustive list)
LGBT POC microaggressions scale
intersectional scale
items divided into:
1. racism in LGBT community
2. heterosexism in communities of colour
3. LGBT relationship racism
items:
- feeling misunderstood by white LGBT people
- having to educate white LGBT people about race issues
- feeling unwelcome at groups/events in your racial/ethnic community
- not having LGBT POC as positive role models
injustice at every turn: a look at black respondents in the national transgender discrimination survey GENERAL
2011 survey by national LGBTQ task force in the US
anti-trans bias + structural racism = trans POC experienced PARTICULARLY DEVASTATING levels of DISCRIMINATION
BLACK respondents fared worse than all others
injustice at every turn: a look at black respondents in the national transgender discrimination survey SPECIFIC
much higher levels of unemployment, homelessness, extreme poverty and HIV
- black trans people had EXTREMELY HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AT 26%
- twice the overall trans sample
- 4 times the rate of general population - 41% of Black respondents said they’d experienced HOMELESSNESS
- more than 5 times the general population - black trans people lived in EXTREME POVERTY - 34% reported household income of less than $10 k per year
- black trans people were affected by HIV IN DEVASTATING NUMBERS
multiracial SGM youth
intersectional identities along axis of RACE and SEXUAL ORIENTATION/GENDER IDENTITY
also intersection of MULTIPLE RACIAL GROUP MEMBERSHIP
multiracial people violate…
monoracial paradigm of race
very high proportion of SGM youth are…
multiraical
multiracial people are only 10% of the population
yet they’re 41% of the SGM youth population
multiracial SGM youth and suicide
higher SUICIDAL IDEATION and ATTEMPTS than mono-racial youth
especially heightened risk for DUAL-MINORITY MULTI-RACIALS (when their mixed race from multiple minority races ie. not half white)
jackson et al - multilevel stigma & depression among Black & Latinx LGBTQ+ adolescents SETUP
national US sample
2561 Black and Latinx adolescents
aged 13-17
examining how:
- interpersonal racial discrimination
- sexual orientation-based discrimination
- STATE-LEVEL STRUCTURAL STIGMA/PROTECTION MARKERS (both general and adolescent-specific) impact depressive symptoms
essentially, looked at state-level factors and looked at depression levels (mild, moderate, severe)
jackson et al - multilevel stigma & depression among Black & Latinx LGBTQ+ adolescents - STATE LEVEL INDICATORS OF ANTI LGBTQ+ STRUCTURAL STIGMAS
- support for POLICIES & LAWS that impact LGB individuals
- LGBTQ+ public officials
- density of GSAs (gay straight alliances)
- antibullying & nondiscrimination legislation
- state CONVERSION THERAPY BANS
- protections for LGBTQ+ youth in FOSTER CARE
- “don’t say gay” legislation
- IMPLICIT ATTITUDES towards sexual minorities
^looked at these in every US state, and added them up. states with higher scores had more harmful climates for LGBTQ+ adolescents
jackson et al - multilevel stigma & depression among Black & Latinx LGBTQ+ adolescents - FINDINGS
looked at associations between structural stigmas and moderate to severe depressive symptoms
3 predictors:
- anti-LGBTQ+ structural stigma environment
- endorsed racial/ethnic bullying
- endorsed sexual orientation bullying
^all of the above positive predicted higher depressive symptoms
Homan et al: how do intersecting structural inequalities shape health? SETUP
created measures of:
- STRUCTURAL SEXISM
- STRUCTURAL RACISM
used existing measure of:
- INCOME INEQUALITY
(used Gini coefficient)
measured each US state on these factors
Homan et al: how do intersecting structural inequalities shape health? findings 1
compared states on their levels of:
- structural racism
- structural sexism
- income inequality
and then looked at how these are ASSOCIATED WITH EACH OTHER
ie. do states with more structural racism also have more structural sexism?
found a NEGATIVE CORRELATION
- so states with more structural sexism tend to have less structural racism, and vice versa
Homan et al: how do intersecting structural inequalities shape health? findings 2
also looked at SELF RATED HELATH of black and white women in states with DIFFERENT COMBOS of STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY
- impacts on health MOST PRONOUNCED when comparing White to Black women
- lower overall level of health, and Black women in states with:
- high racism
- high racism & sexism
- high racism & sexism & income inequality
show worse health than their average - comparatively, White women women in states with:
- high racism
- high racism & sexism
- high racism & sexism & income inequality
DON’T REALLY SHOW WORSE HEALTH than their average
both white and black women are impacted, but impacts are MORE PRONOUNCED/HARMFUL for black than white women overall
general intersectional experiences SUMMARY
- important to attend more and more to issues of intersectionality
- different ways of assessing intersectionality - ALL 3 ARE NEEDED
- SGM POC face UNIQUE stressors
- multiracial SGM youth = high risk group within that population - structural approaches are growing and can give us unique insights
