Sept 25 Flashcards
gaming while black
online gaming = “racist, toxic environment”
slurs, name calling, targeting of black individuals is normal and commonplace
only 2% of game developers are black - there aren’t people at the table standing up for minority gamers
does the affective component of gaming embolden people?
sexism & heterosexism in online gaming
LGBTQ+ gamers are facing epidemic of online harassment
study finds nearly 90% of openly QUEER and TRANS gamers have been HARASSED ABOUT THEIR IDENTITIES online
79% of Ps reported sexism is prevalent within the online gaming community
63% of women reported being harassed while playing video hames
28% of women have suffered sexual harassment from male gamers in form of objectifying comments or death/rape threats
__ of Ps reported sexism is prevalent within the online gaming community
79%
__ of women reported being harassed while playing video hames
63%
__ of women have suffered sexual harassment from male gamers in form of objectifying comments or death/rape threats
28%
what’s online racism?
system of anti-POC practices
that PRIVILEGE and MAINTAIN
POLITICAL, CULTURAL and ECONOMIC POWER
for Whites in DIGITAL SPACE
online racism can be…
- technologically mediated
- interpersonal verbal and nonverbal online interactions
online racism: technologically mediated
inequalities built & expressed in the online infrastructure
ie. in way apps/websites/contexts are set up
ie. algorithm stuff, interface itself (graphic reps, types of voice, symbols, images)
online racism: interpersonal verbal and nonverbal online interactions
enacted between people
ie. verbal comments, written comments
ie. nonverbal - blackface, cultural appropriation
2 unique aspects of online racism
- digital record
- not present in other forms of disc
- can lead others to jump on bandwagon
- re-opening wounds
- broad audience can participate & add to victimization - commenting, liking, sharing
- iterative/repeat opportunities for disc
who started online racial discrimination research?
Brendesha Tynes
first tried to understand racial landscape that teens navigate online
created ONLINE VICTIMIZATION SCALE
more time teens spend online, more racism they experience, more externalizing behaviours they exhibit
less likely to exhibit externalizing behaviour if they explore their identity
there are state/national programs addressing cyberbullying, but none focus on racial behaviours
need to study protective factors
Tyne’s Taxonomy of Online Racism
online racism splits into:
- online racial microaggressions
- online racial discrimination (micro-assaults)
- online hate crimes
all add into the ENVIRONMENT - TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTERFACE
(algorithms, filters, bots, AI, robots, design of interface)
- miseducation
- micro-invalidation
- micro-insult
- misinformation/disinformation
a. individual
b. vicarious
c. abuse
d. privacy violations
can online disc be vicarious?
yes
text, video, images, symbols, verbal or visual assaults (including jokes) on a person’s ethnic group that are witnessed
sale of racist books, music
intentional forms of online discrimination
- mis-information/dis-information
- often deliberately misleading
- websites, individual articles, text, images, propaganda, fake news, cloaked hate sites, Holocaust denial
- individual, vicarious and abuse
unintentional forms of online discrimination
- miseducation
- micro-invalidation
- micro-insult
examples of online miseducation
educational apps, games, wikis, blogs, online courses, news
hegemonic
curriculum violence
omission of POC
minimizing contributions
lack of attention to culture
examples of online micro-invalidation
text, video, images, symbols
alien in own land
colour blindness
myth of meritocracy
denial of individual racism
claims of reverse discrimination
examples of online micro-insult
text, video, images, symbols
ascription of intelligence
second class citizen
pathologizing cultural values
assumptions of criminal status
online abuse
criminal cyber harassment
cyber mob threats
online privacy violations
hacking
ID theft
nude photos
publishing personal info
micro-invalidations
communicate that structural racism doesn’t exist
that people are overreacting
online micro-insults
communicate inferiority (often unintentionally)
ascription of intelligence
second-class citizenship
pathologizing cultural values
assumptions of criminality
online micro-assaults
online discrimination
less subtle, more intentional
reverse racism/reverse discrimination
idea that members of DOMINANT group are SYSTEMATICALLY discriminated against
can INDIVIDUALS be discriminated agains based on membership in dominant group?
YES
do SOCIAL STRUCTURES/SYSTEMS disc against individuals from dominant groups?
NO - because those groups control the systems and structures
often-cited example of “reverse racism”
affirmative action programs
miseducation versus misinformation
miseducation:
- often UNINTENTIONALLY demeaning towards POC
- things like online learning materials, e-books, apps
^done by MISEDUCATED people
misinformation/disinformation:
- often INTENTIONALLY misleading
- ie. putting forth untrue info about certain groups to MAKE THEM LOOK BAD to others
^meant to MISINFORM
online hate crimes make up what percentage of online race-based discrimination?
23%
famous example of miseducation
Playing History 2: Slave Trade
video game made by Danish company
tetris game that literally stacks black characters into ship
owner said it was intended to be educational and to have shock value
but clearly very problematic
(if unintentional, we perceive this as miseducation)
disinformation example
white supremacist site MartinLutherKing.org
site was shut down recently
run by white nationalists/KKK
had FAKE SNIPPETS and FACTS about MLK that painted him in a bad light
tried to make people dislike the Civil Rights Movement
(disinformation: purposefully, actively misleading)
English et al online disc study question
what is the daily prevalence of discrimination among Black American adolescents?
English et al online disc study SETUP
14 day daily diary study
101 black adolescents
aged 13-17
wanted thorough, multi-dimensional assessment of disc (more detailed than typical ESM studies)
lots of questions within different categories - each person was asked a random subset of them each day
English et al online disc study ITEMS 1
- individual online
- did people exclude you from a website
- did people show you a racist image online
- did people threaten you online
- vicarious online
- did people crack jokes about people of you race/ethnic group online
- did you witness people saying mean or rude things about another Back person’s race/ethnicity online
- individual teasing
- did a peer tease you
- did a peer joke about the texture of your hair - vicarious teasing
- did you witness a peer being made fun of because of their race/ethnicity
- did you overhear an offensive joke/comment - vicarious general
- did you hear about a fam member experiencing racial disc
- did you hear about fam member treated poorly because of race/ethnicity
English et al online disc study ITEMS 2
- assumptions of criminality
- assumption of intellectual inferiority
- assumed universality of the black american experience
- second-class citizenship
- assumption of inferior status
- micro-assaults
- environmental micro-aggression
English et al online disc study GENERAL FINDINGS
101 Ps reported 5606 experiences of discrimination
across 88 items
over 2 weeks
since they only received 12 items a day > ~5 experiences of disc per day
English et al online disc study - average number of disc experiences per day
about 5 per day
English et al online disc study - DETAILED FINDINGS
- INDIVIDUAL ONLINE EXPERIENCES were more frequent than vicarious teasing, vicarious general & individual general experiences
- VICARIOUS ONLINE EXPERIENCES were more frequent than individual teasing, vicarious teasing, vicarious general & individual general
- INDIVIDUAL ONLINE and VICARIOUS ONLINE were equally common
- black youth overall report MORE DISC ONLINE than in person
English et al online disc study - SUMMARY
- discrimination (among Black American teens) is MUCH MORE COMMON than previously thought IF you measure it comprehensively via EXPERIENCE SAMPLING
- majority of these ~5 experiences a day are coming through DIRECT and VICARIOUS DISCRIMINATION experiences online
Marciano et al study - online discrimination and LGB adults - SETUP
1735 Israeli LGB adults
questions were about discrimination across NUMEROUS ASPECTS OF IDENTITY, APPEARANCE, BELIEFS
not experience sampling
Marciano et al study - online discrimination and LGB adults - types of disc that were MORE COMMON ONLINE than OFFLINE for this group
age
height
weight/body shape
skin tone
religion/religiosity
general appearance
sexual preferences
HIV status
political ideology
other (veganism, feminism)
*fact that these were all more common online underscores the prevalence of online disc
Weinstein et al study QUESTION
how are ONLINE and OFFLINE BULLYING and RACIAL DISCRIMINATION related to each other OVER TIME among racially minoritized adolescents?
Weinstein et al study - SETUP
n = 735 American youth
aged 10-19
Black (46%)
Latinx (32%)
Multiracial (10%)
Asian (8%)
3 waves of data - 10-12 months apart (longitudinal study)
Weinstein et al study - MEASURES
- offline bullying/harassment
- “I got hit and pushed by other students”
- general bullying, not race related - online bullying/harassment
- “people have posted mean things about me online”
- online bullying, not race related - offline racial discrimination
- “treated you with less respect because of your race/ethnicity”
- race related - online racial discrimination
- “people have shown me a racist image online”
- race related
Weinstein et al study - FINDINGS
- positive correlations between ALL MEASURES - they all predict each other 10-12 months later
- people who experience any of these mistreatments are more likely to also experience ALL of the other ones
- ie. kids who get bullied online, also get bullied offline, and also get racially discriminated against
- offline bullying/harassment is related to greater time spent online one year later
- more bullying in person = more time spent online 10-12 months later
- the more offline bullying at time one, the more online bullying at time 2
- the more online bullying at time 2, the more offline bullying at time 3
- offline bullying at time 1 predicts greater offline racial disc 10-12 months later
Weinstein et al study - WHAT SETS EVERYTHING INTO MOTION?
offline bullying
predicts greater later online bullying, and more time spent online
maybe sensitizes you to these experiences early on
maybe affects your construals
maybe bullying becomes more specific/targeted with age
Weinstein et al study - what measures are kinda on their own?
offline racial discrimination
and
online racial discrimination
- they don’t predict each other
- they don’t predict greater general bullying either
Weinstein et al study - SUMMARY
- kids of colour that are victimized tend to be victimized BOTH GENERALLY and based on their ETHNICITY/RACE
- both in person and online
- offline bullying leads to increases in online bullying and offline racial discrimination 1 year later
- online racial discrimination exposure not longitudinally predicted by other forms of victimization
Weinstein et al study - kids of colour that are victimized tend to be victimized…
both GENERALLY
and based on their RACE/ETHNICITY
both IN PERSON and ONLINE
Weinstein et al study - offline bullying leads to…
increases in:
- ONLINE BULLYING
- OFFLINE RACIAL DISC
1 year later
Weinstein et al study - online racial disc exposure…
NOT LONGITUDINALLY PREDICTED by other forms of victimization
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - STUDY QUESTION
what is the association between race/ethnicity-related ONLINE TRAUMATIC EVENTS experienced and PTSD symptoms among emerging adults of colour?
does liberatory media literacy protect individuals against the harmful effects of online trauma exposure?
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - STUDY SETUP
n = 325 emerging adults
aged 18-24
43.7% black
28.6% white latinx
16.9% asian
2.5% multiracial
2.5% native american
*60% of sample identified as Latinx across these groups
liberatory media literacy
4 components
- inclusive media and technology (IMT)
- content creation and social action (CONS)
- awareness of power relationships in media and technology (AW)
- personal action through media and technology (PA)
does competence in these 4 areas protect against racially traumatic online events?
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - STUDY FINDINGS
- exposure to race/ethnicity-related traumatic events online = between a FEW TIMES A YEAR and a FEW TIMES A MONTH
ie. seeing videos/images of beatings, arrest, detainments, being shot by a police officer
- black & latinx emerging adults reported MORE EXPOSURE to racially traumatic events & PTSD symptoms than those from other racial groups
- online exposure to traumatic events associated with more PTSD symptoms
- only the INCLUSIVE MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY component of liberatory media literacy moderated impact of PTSD symptoms
inclusive media and technology (IMT)
part of liberatory media literacy
“I recognize how white standards of beauty are valued over others in the media”
content creation and social action (CONS)
part of liberatory media literacy
“I am able to use my coding skills to fight racism”
awareness of power relationships in media and technology (AW)
part of liberatory media literacy
“I understand how social media platforms can use my likes/posts to benefit certain groups”
personal action through media and technology (PA)
part of liberatory media literacy
“I use technology to help me reach my full potential”
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - WHAT COMPONENT OF LIBERATORY MEDIA LITERACY MODERATED IMPACT OF PTSD SYMPTOMS?
inclusive media and technology (IMT)
ie. “I recognize how white standards of beauty are valued over others in the media”
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - MODERATED EFFECT EXPLAINED
online trauma experience leads to PTSD symptoms
moderated by IMT
specifically, online trauma exposure WASN’T associated with greater PTSD ONLY for people who reported ENDORSED IMT at 4.48/6 or higher
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - PROTECTIVE FACTOR
IMT (inclusive media and technology)
for people high in IMT, the more online racial trauma they experienced wasn’t associated with more traditional PTSD symptoms
Volpe et al - Liberatory Media Literacy as protective against posttraumatic stress for emerging adults of colour - SUMMARY
- online racial trauma exposure is fairly common (few times a year - few times a month)
- it predicts greater PTSD symptoms, except for those who endorse high IMT
