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Psyc 411 > Aug 28 & Sept 4 > Flashcards

Aug 28 & Sept 4 Flashcards

1
Q

culture definition 1

A

complex whole which includes:

  • knowledge
  • belief
  • art
  • morals
  • law
  • custom
  • any other capability/habits

acquired by a member of society

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2
Q

EB Tylor definition of culture

A

complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capability/habits acquired by a member of society

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3
Q

culture other definitions

A

set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms that are shared within a group and transmitted across generations

create MEANING and SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION

EXTERNAL
ACQUIRED
TRANSMISSIBLE

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4
Q

ethnicity

A

group of people with COMMON CULTURAL TRAITS

language, place of origin, customs, religion, history, traditions, values, beliefs, food, style of dress…

OPEN, FLEXIBLE, SUBJECT TO CHANGE

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5
Q

race is a… and therefore…

A

social construction

therefore definition changes across time and context

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6
Q

3 definitions of race

A

characterization of a group of people believed to share physical characteristics like skin colour, facial features, and other hereditary traits

APA Publication Manual - physical differences that groups and cultures consider socially significant

racial categorization is far more than a simple matter of physical appearance or biology, but rather a dynamic process informed by a number of sociocultural, motivation, and cognitive factors

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7
Q

example of social construction of race

A

Apartheid in South Africa

Filipinos were considered “non-white”

Japanese, Taiwanese and Koreans were “honorary whites”

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8
Q

privilege

A

an invisible package of unearned assets that one can count on cashing in each day, but which one is “meant” to remain oblivious

  • Peggy McIntosh
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9
Q

discrimination

A

unfair treatment on basis of some aspect of identity or group membership

  • racism
  • sexism
  • heterosexism
  • ableism
  • ageism
  • xenophobia
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10
Q

bias/prejudice based on perceived group identities can manifest through…

A

systems

structures

interpersonal acts

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11
Q

can discrimination be both perceived or actual?

A

yes

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12
Q

ethnic-racial discrimination

A

the BEHAVIOURAL component of racism

initial definition of racism: systems where certain racial groups are privileged over others

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13
Q

initial definition of racism

A

systems where certain racial groups are privileged over others

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14
Q

everyday discrimination scale

A

Williams et al

In your day to day life, how often do any of the following things happen to you?
1. you’re treated with less courtesy than other people are
2. you’re treated with less respect than other people are
3. you receive poorer service than other people at restaurants or stores
4. people act as if they think you’re not smart
5. people act as if they’re afraid of you
…
9. you are threatened or harassed

response options: never, less than once a year, a few times a year, a few times a month, at least once a week, almost everyday

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15
Q

Is Williams’ Everyday Discrimination Scale specific to certain types of discrimination?

A

no, they’re general

advantage: they can apply to many

disadvantage: they miss some specificity and intersectionality

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16
Q

Scheim & Bauer Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI)

A

a measure of discrimination

  1. because of who you are, has a health care provider ever refused you care?
  2. …fired or dismissed from a job, or been
  3. …denied housing
  4. unable to open a bank account, cash a cheque, or get a loan?

…

  1. Had someone take, damage, or vandalize your proerty?

response options: never, once, more than once

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17
Q

everyday discrimination scale response options

A

never, less than once a year, a few times a year, a few times a month, at least once a week, almost everyday

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18
Q

intersectional discrimination index response options

A

never, once, more than once

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19
Q

everyday discrimination scale versus intersectional discrimination index

A

InDI = more specific, detailed, concrete, about major life events

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20
Q

microaggressions

A

brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to people of colour because they belong to a racial minority group

polite racism

“where are you from?”

“you must be good at math”

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21
Q

classes of racial microaggressions

A
  1. alien in own land
  2. ascription of intelligence
  3. colour blindness
  4. criminality/assumptions of criminal status
  5. denial of individual racism
  6. myth of meritocracy
  7. pathologizing cultural values/communication styles
  8. second-class citizen
  9. environmental micro-aggressions
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22
Q

alien in own land micro-aggression

A

when Asian Americans and Latino Americans are assumed to be foreign-born

ie. “where are you from?”

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23
Q

ascription of intelligence micro-aggression

A

assigning a degree of intelligence to a person of colour on the basis of their race

ie. “you are a credit to your race”, “you are so articulate”

24
Q

colour blindness micro-aggression

A

statements which indicate that a White person doesn’t want to acknowledge race

ie. “when I look at you, I don’t see colour”

25
Q

criminality/assumption of criminal status micro-aggression

A

a person of colour is presumed to be dangerous, criminal, or deviant on the basis of their race

ie. white person clutching purse/wallet as POC walks by

26
Q

denial of individual racism micro-aggression

A

a statement made when Whites renounce their racial biases

ie. “I’m not racist, I have several Black friends”

27
Q

myth of meritocracy micro-aggression

A

statements which assert that race doesn’t play a role in succeeding in career advancement or education

ie. “I believe the most qualified person should get the job”

28
Q

pathologizing cultural values/communication styles micro-aggression

A

the notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/White culture are ideal

ie. “why are you so quiet? we want to know want you think” to an Asian person

29
Q

second-class citizen micro-aggression

A

occurs when a White person is given preferential treatment as a consumer over a person of colour

ie. person of colour mistaken for a service worker

30
Q

environmental microagressions

A

macro-level micro-aggressions, which are more apparent on a systemic level

ie. uni buildings named after White heterosexual upper class males

31
Q

3 classes of microaggressions

A
  1. microinsult
  2. microassault
  3. microinvalidation
32
Q

4 types of microinsult

A
  1. ascription of intelligence
  2. second class citizen
  3. pathologizing cultural values/communication styles
  4. assumption of criminal status
33
Q

microinsult

A

often unconscious

behavioural/verbal remarks or comments that convey rudeness, insensitivity, and demean a person’s racial heritage or identity

34
Q

microassault

A

often conscious

explicit racial derogations characterized primarily by a violent verbal or non-verbal attack meant to hurt the intended victim through:

  • name-calling
  • avoidant behaviour
  • purposeful discriminatory actions
35
Q

macro level microaggression

A

environmental micro-aggression

36
Q

environmental micro-aggression

A

racial assaults, insults and invalidations which are manifested on systemic and environmental levels

37
Q

microinvalidation

A

often unconscious

verbal comments or behaviours that EXCLUDE, NEGATE, or NULLIFY the psychological

38
Q

4 types of microinvalidations

A
  1. alien in own land
  2. colour blindness
  3. myth of meritocracy
  4. denial of individual racism
39
Q

4 dilemmas created by microaggressions

A
  1. clash of racial realities
  2. invisibility of unintentional expressions of bias
  3. perceived minimal harm of microaggressions
  4. catch-22 of responding to microaggressions (“damned if you do, and damned if you don’t”)
40
Q

clash of racial realities

A

individuals may differ in their perception of race relations depending on their place in the social hierarchy

a dilemma created by micro-aggressions

41
Q

2019 example of clash of racial realities

A

2019 - pre-covid and pre-murder of George Floyd – US data

Whites and Blacks differ widely in views of how Blacks are treated

Blacks rate themselves as being treated less fairly than Whites than Whites think Black people are

ie. in dealing with police, in the criminal justice system, in hiring, pay, promotions

42
Q

invisibility of unintentional expressions of bias

A

people not always, but often act with best of intentions

many micro-aggressions are both subtle and unintentional

given this, how can one “prove” a micro-aggression has occurred?

a dilemma created by micro-aggressions

43
Q

perceived minimal harm of micro-aggressions

A

mosquito video

White people only get a few mosquito bites, but POC get them all the time

White people don’t get it

a dilemma created by micro-aggressions

44
Q

damned if you do respond, damned if you don’t

A
  1. because of ambiguity, it can be hard to determine if micro-aggression occurred
    - victim can connect dots from pattern of past experiences
    - perpetrator often can’t - this is isolated event
  2. what will happen if I respond? what are the consequences of not responding?

a dilemma created by micro-aggressions

45
Q

conflicting evidence of micro-aggression ambiguity’s impact on health

A

Matheson et al study

survey-based study of 158 Black Canadians (M age 26, range, 16-65)
- ambiguous racism = more related to depressive affect than explicit experiences

experimental study with 112 White and 99 Black Canadians - watched videos hearing Black Canadians explicit and ambiguous racism experiences
- Black and white Canadians tended not to appraise ambiguous events as racist BUT
- in-the-moment distress from hearing accounts related to HIGHER CORTISOL only in BLACK CANADIANS

46
Q

PART 1 Matheson et al 2021 study - conflicting evidence of micro-aggression ambiguity’s impact on health

A

study of 158 Black Canadians

ambiguous racism = more related to depressive affect than explicit experiences

47
Q

PART 2 Matheson et al 2021 study - conflicting evidence of micro-aggression ambiguity’s impact on health

A

experimental study with 112 White and 99 Black Canadians

watched videos hearing Black Canadians EXPLICIT and AMBIGUOUS racism experiences

Black and White Canadians tended not to appraise ambiguous events as racist, BUT…

in-the-moment distress from hearing accounts related to HIGHER CORTISOL only in Black Canadians

48
Q

experimental studies show that AMBIGUOUS PREJUDICE causes…

A

greater COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT than blatant prej

49
Q

Lui & Quezada meta-analysis of 72 studies…

A

showed that MICRO-ASSAULT (least ambiguous) micro-aggressions more strongly associated with adjustment than micro-invalidation or micro-insult

adjustment = wellbeing, psych health, self esteem

50
Q

conflicting evidence of micro-aggression ambiguity’s impact on health shows that…

A

more research is needed

jury is out on if micro-assault is more or less harmful than more ambiguous

51
Q

Pew 2019 data from US - % of each group saying each of the following has happened to them because of their race/ethnicity

A

same pattern for almost all questions, general order stays similar but slightly different between categories

Whites report least, followed by Asians or Hispanics and Blacks almost always report the most

measures:
- people acted like they were suspicious of them
- people acted like they thought they weren’t smart

52
Q

prevalence of discrimination in Canada

A

ranking Black and White peoples’ experience of discrimination in the past 5 years

by reason for discrimination

Blacks report more for almost all reasons (race, skin colour, ethnicity, culture, language, sex, physical appearance, religion)

Whites report more for age, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, “any other reason”

53
Q

statscan prevalence of discrimination in Canada

A

Black people report highest (45.8%)

then “Other group designated as visible minority” (29.9%)

then Indigenous (27.5%)

54
Q

statscan prevalence of discrimination from 2014-2019

A

reported experiences of discrimination are going up

increased from 2014-2019

55
Q

Quebec March 23 2023

A

MNAs adopt motion saying Quebec is no more racist than elsewhere

“MNAs adopt the motion UNANIMOUSLY and without debate. The vote was 107 in favour…

[the motion] denounces “without nuance” any accusations to the effect that racism is more entrenched in Quebec than elsewhere…

the motion follows publication of new ANGUS REID POLL on ISLAMOPHOBIA in Canada

poll concludes 39% of Canadians outside Quebec hold an unfavourable view of Islam

in Quebec alone, the number is 52%

while 72% of Canadians support the wearing of hijab in public, number in Quebec is 55%

56
Q

Angus Reid poll

A

on Islamophobia

released right before Quebec MNAs adopt motion saying Quebec is no more racist than anywhere else

poll concludes:
1. 39% of Canadians outside Quebec hold unfavourable view of Islam but in Quebec alone, the number is 52%

  1. 72% of Canadians support wearing the hijab in public, but in Quebec number is 55%
57
Q

lecture summary

A
  1. discrimination = behavioural
  2. many forms ranging in severity
  3. micro-aggressions - harmful everyday exchanges
    - 3 broad categories around diff topic areas
    - create dilemmas for victim
    - potential effects of ambiguity
  4. interpersonal experiences of discrimination are common across NA

Psyc 411 (23 decks)

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