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Psyc 411 > Nov 6 > Flashcards

Nov 6 Flashcards

1
Q

acculturation

A

process of CULTURAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE that takes place as a result of CONTACT between two or more cultural groups and their members

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2
Q

levels at which acculturation can occur

A

individual or cultural

multi-faceted and multi-directional

dynamic and continuous

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3
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation

A

spans from HERITAGE culture at one pole to RECEIVING culture at other pole

in between the two:
PRACTICES
VALUES
IDENTIFICATIONS

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4
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation: HERITAGE PRACTICES

A
  1. heritage language
  2. heritage-culture foods
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5
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation: HERITAGE VALUES

A
  1. collectivism
  2. interdependence
  3. familism
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6
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation: HERITAGE IDENTIFICATIONS

A
  1. country of origin
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7
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation: RECEIVING PRACTICES

A
  1. receiving-society language
  2. receiving-culture foods
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8
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation: RECEIVING VALUES

A
  1. individualism
  2. independence
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9
Q

basic multidimensional model of acculturation: RECEIVING IDENTIFICATIONS

A
  1. receiving country
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10
Q

enculturation

A

moving back towards heritage culture

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11
Q

Berry’s model of acculturation

A

4 possible outcomes of two cultures coming into contact

  1. assimilation
  2. integration
  3. separation
  4. marginalization
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12
Q

integration: Berry’s model of acculturation

A

keeping some things from old culture and mixing them with new

identification with both

society they’re entering benefits from the heritage components

no longer one culture - now a mix

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13
Q

assimilation: Berry’s model of acculturation

A

forget old culture completely

dropping all old values, identifications, practices for new culture

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14
Q

separation: Berry’s model of acculturation

A

hold on strongly to heritage culture

don’t engage with receiving culture

sometimes caused by one’s rejection from new society

ie. segregated neighbourhood

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15
Q

marginalization: Berry’s model of acculturation

A

don’t identify with either heritage or receiving culture

heritage culture rejected by receiving society

internal rejection as well

confusion, frustration, identity issues

cultural isolation

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16
Q

STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - QUESTIONS ASKED

A
  1. what TYPES of acculturation do immigrants in Canada generally fall into?
  2. what IMPACTS immigrants’ acculturation typology?
  3. how is acculturation typology related to WELLBEING among immigrants to Canada?
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17
Q

STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - SETUP

A

stats canada general social survey (2013)

7003 immigrants who arrived in Canada between 1980s and 2012

have country of origin data but not race data (classics stats can smh)

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18
Q

STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - FINDINGS from most to least common

A

from most to least common

  1. integration (60-74%)
  2. assimilation (18-34%)
  3. separation (4-2%)
  4. marginalization (5-3%)
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19
Q

STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - FINDINGS segmented how?

A

4 TYPES of acculturation

(integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization)

3 TIME periods

(2000-2012, 1990-1999, 1980-1989)

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20
Q

STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - FINDINGS TRENDS

A
  1. INTEGRATION type is INCREASING as time passes (60% to 74%)
  2. ASSIMILATION is DECREASING as time passes (34% to 18%)
  3. SEPARATION and MARGINALIZATION are relatively stable
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21
Q

predictors of acculturation typology

A
  1. those in SEPARATION category = much more likely report experiences of DISC than integration group
  2. those that immigrated before AGE 17 much more likely to be in ASSIMILATION group compared to integration
  3. if you immigrate between AGE 18-24, you were more likely to be in INTEGRATION group relative to separation
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22
Q

those in SEPARATION category = much more likely report experiences of DISC than integration group - WHY?

A

maybe they aren’t taking on RECEIVING culture practices, values, identifications because of discrimination, NOT from lack of desire to take it on

discrimination makes people feel unwelcome, discourages participation

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23
Q

those that immigrated before AGE 17 much more likely to be in ASSIMILATION group compared to integration - WHY?

A

before 17, identity is still forming and malleable

developmental considerations ie. importance of peer groups, esp in school context may lead to more assimilation

at older ages, identity has already been explored and cemented

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24
Q

if you immigrate between AGE 18-24, you were more likely to be in INTEGRATION group relative to separation - WHY?

A

still malleable, not set in your ways yet

have a half-baked identity

above 24, more fully baked

role changes at this time - naturally pushed to interact with more people from the receiving culture

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25
Q

wellbeing differences by acculturation typology - life satisfaction

A

HIGHTEST:
- integration and assimilation

LOWEST:
- separation and marginalization

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26
Q

wellbeing differences by acculturation typology - mental health

A

BEST:
- integration and separation

MIDDLE:
- assimilation

WORST:
- marginalization

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27
Q

mental health differences by acculturation typology - why is separation as high as integration?

A

likely live surrounded by ethnic group in a neighbourhood/community

speaking heritage language, participating in cultural events, eating traditional foods etc

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28
Q

acculturation summary - what we didn’t touch on

A

GIGANTIC TOPIC

  1. didn’t talk about gaps in acculturation between parents and kids
  2. collectivism vs individualism
  3. remote acculturation/enculturation (tech and globalization and digital access to diff cultures)
  4. biculturalism
29
Q

acculturation summary

A
  1. practices, values and identifications that move towards host culture (acculturation) or towards heritage culture (enculturation)
  2. Berry model - can see most immigrants in Canada are in “integration” or “assimilation”
  3. integration most consistently associated with positive outcomes
30
Q

1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting

A

new advances in biculturalism research - 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BICULTURAL ORIENTATION

  1. hybrid
  2. monocultural
  3. alternation
  4. complementarity
  5. conflict
31
Q

HYBRID: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation

A

blend of 2 cultures

like mixing paint - a total, indistinguishable blend

32
Q

MONOCULTURAL: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation

A

only ID with 1 culture

even though have 2 possible identities

33
Q

ALTERNATION: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation

A

switching between cultural identities

different setting activate diff identities

code-switching between diff cultures

34
Q

COMPLEMENTARITY: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation

A

compatibility between 2 cultures

but aren’t blended together

they have similarities/overlap but remain distinct

35
Q

CONFLICT: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation

A

2 identities incompatible

wrestle with being part of 2 groups whose practices don’t overlap

36
Q

1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting SETUP

A

1143 Canadian uni students from immigrant families

66.4% female

54% first gen, 41% second gen, 4.3% third gen

37
Q

1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting QUESTIONS

A
  1. how is DISCRIMINATION associated with different orientations?
  2. how are orientations associated with PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS?
38
Q

1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting - DISCRIMINATION FINDINGS

A

discrimination leads to MORE…

  1. distress
  2. HYBRID, MONOCULTURAL, ALTERNATING, CONFLICTING orientations

discrimination leads to LESS…

  1. COMPLEMENTARY orientation
39
Q

1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting - DISTRESS FINDINGS

A

ALTERNATION and CONFLICTED are associated with MORE DISTRESS

other types are UNRELATED to distress

40
Q

familism scale example items

A

“children should always help their parents with the support of younger siblings ie. with homework, caretaking”

“person should always support members of extended family ie. aunts, uncles, in-laws, even if it’s a big sacrifice”

“person should often do activities with their immediate/extended families ie. eat meals, play games, explore together”

“person should be a good person for sake of their family”

41
Q

what is familism?

A

cultural values relating to:

  1. loyalty
  2. attachment
  3. family cohesion
  4. reciprocity
  5. honour
  6. subjugation of self
  7. respect
42
Q

3 types of familism

A
  1. structural
  2. attitudinal
  3. behavioural
43
Q

structural familism

A

family presence

boundaries

more ENVIRONMENTAL than focused on specific behaviours

ie. did you move into a multi-generation home to take care of elder fam members?

ie. did you move into same neighbourhood as your family?

44
Q

attitudinal familism

A

strong identification and attachment to family

beliefs

ie. I feel attached to my family

ie. I believe these values are important

45
Q

behavioural familism

A

actions that are expressed based on familism values

ie. lending help to family

ie. living at home

46
Q

components of attitudinal familism

A
  1. support
  2. family as referent
  3. familial obligations
  4. respect
46
Q

support - attitudinal familism

A

expectations that one’s family will provide necessary emotional and instrumental support when needed

47
Q

family as referent - attitudinal familism

A

ensuring that one’s behaviours are consistent with family expectations/values

one’s attitudes and behaviours reflect on the family

48
Q

familial obligations - attitudinal familism

A

putting family’s needs before oneself

49
Q

respect - attitudinal familism

A

respect and obedience to parent/elders

50
Q

attitudinal familism in action - 2 quotes

A

“if something happens to us, we behave as if we were siblings. if something happens…we call him, so he tells us what to do…yes, we have loved each other, more…how can I tell you? like siblings. I mean, we’re cousins, but I CAN COUNT ON HIM FOR ANYTHING”

“I rely on them for any emergency that I may have. that’s why I’m with them. I help them in every way I possibly can. IF THEY NEED ME, AT WHATEVER HOUR, I GO, BECAUSE THEY NEVER REFUSE TO HELP ME. if they’re in the hospital, I stay with them. because they treat me well, when I was ill, they helped me a lot…never left me alone”

51
Q

behavioural familism - 2 quotes

A

“I borrow something from someone in my family if I have an emergency. I’m ashamed, but I HAVE BEEN LUCKY ENOUGH THAT IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN MY FAMILY, AND IF THEY SEE I’M IN TROUBLE, THEY ALWAYS HELP ME. and if I have to borrow money, they DON’T MAKE ME PAY IT ALL AT ONCE.”

“sometimes WE SEE EACH OTHER THREE TIMES A WEEK, when I don’t go over there, they come over here. THEY HAVE THE KEY, they SPEND THE NIGHT”

52
Q

Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY QUESTION

A
  1. what are the overall associations between attitudinal familism and psychological outcomes among Latinx/Hispanic people?
  2. are there any MODERATORS of these relations?
53
Q

Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY SETUP

A

meta-analysis - between 37 and 68 studies depending on the outcome

OUTCOMES = education, parental warmth/support, family conflict/negativity, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms

54
Q

Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY MAIN EFFECTS

A

familism was PROMOTIVE of:
1. warmth/support
2. educational outcomes

familism REDUCED RISK for:
1. externalizing symptoms
2. internalizing symptoms
3. conflict/negativity

55
Q

Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY MODERATORS

A
  1. effects of familism on academics and internalizing symptoms was STRONGER for EARLY ADOLESCENTS compared to late adolescents and adults
  2. effects of familism on academics and internalizing behaviours was STRONGER for FOREIGN-BORN Latinxs living in the US

^in support of the immigrant paradox
(often first gen immigrants report better physical and mental health than second gen immigrants from same group)

56
Q

Corona et al 2017 familism B - STUDY QUESTIONS

A
  1. how is FAMILISM associated with various OUTCOMES?
  2. can familism PROTECT against the harmful impacts of STRESS?
57
Q

Corona et al 2017 familism B - STUDY SETUP

A

811 adults

age 18-45

171 Latinx, 415 East Asian, 225 White

77% women

58
Q

Corona et al 2017 familism B - STUDY FINDINGS

A

familism associated with more ADAPTIVE OUTCOMES across the board

  1. LESS loneliness, depression and physical symptoms
  2. BETTER subjective health and self-esteem

stress associated with worse outcomes

59
Q

Corona et al 2017 familism B - familism protected against…

A

impact of PERCEIVED STRESS on two outcomes:

  1. self-esteem
  2. subjective health
60
Q

Corona et al 2017 familism B - protective factor of familism graph takeaways

A
  1. people experiencing LOW STRESS have similar self-esteem/health REGARDLESS of familism level
  2. people experiencing HIGH STRESS - those HIGH in familism have BETTER SELF-ESTEEM than those lower in familism
61
Q

physical health effects of familism study QUESTION and SETUP

A

N = 247 mainly Black, Latinx, White eighth graders

  1. how do familism VALUES and familism BEHAVIOURS each PREDICT the body’s REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION?
  2. does this occur DIFFERENTLY based on racial GROUP?
62
Q

physical health effects of familism study FINDINGS

A
  1. greater familism VALUES > BETTER inflammatory regulation in Black and Latinx youth

^BUT not in white youth

  1. greater familism BEHAVIOURS > better inflammatory regulation JUST among Black youth
63
Q

physical health effects of familism study POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS

A

a) greater daily family assistance (ie. chores) is associated with greater daily inflammation (more stress hormones) among adolescents

b) however, youth who had HIGH ROLE FULFILLMENT whilst engaging in daily family assistance behaviours had LOWER levels of inflammation

depends on PERCEPTION - when kids feel like they’re doing something IMPORTANT for their family, they have lower inflammation

64
Q

possible downsides to familism - Latinx SGM youth and substance use

A

fear of rejection if caregivers find out about SGM status

Latinx SGM folks use substances to COPE with family conflict

65
Q

possible downsides to familism - filial responsibilities, familism, and depressive symptoms among Latino YA

A
  1. differences between EXPRESSIVE caregiving (emotional support) and INSTRUMENTAL caregiving (chores, cooking)
  2. perceived UNFAIRNESS was related to more depressive symptoms

^ ONLY true for those with LOW and MEAN levels of FAMILISM

  1. INSTRUMENTAL caregiving was related to LESS depressive symptoms
  2. EXPRESSIVE caregiving was related to MORE depressive symptoms at MODERATE and HIGH levels of familism
66
Q

instrumental or expressive caregiving: which was related to lower depressive symptoms?

A

INSTRUMENTAL caregiving was related to LESS depressive symptoms

67
Q

expressive caregiving at moderate and high levels of familism was related to…

A

more depressive symptoms

68
Q

general summary

A
  1. familism is an important cultural value highly endorsed in many minoritized, collectivistic groups
  2. respect for elders, importance of family unity, respect etc
  3. values vs behaviours > related but don’t always match (might be differentially related to outcomes)
  4. generally, familism is associated with positive outcomes across many domains
  5. however, there may be contexts in which familism can serve as a risk

Psyc 411 (23 decks)

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