Nov 6 Flashcards
acculturation
process of CULTURAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE that takes place as a result of CONTACT between two or more cultural groups and their members
levels at which acculturation can occur
individual or cultural
multi-faceted and multi-directional
dynamic and continuous
basic multidimensional model of acculturation
spans from HERITAGE culture at one pole to RECEIVING culture at other pole
in between the two:
PRACTICES
VALUES
IDENTIFICATIONS
basic multidimensional model of acculturation: HERITAGE PRACTICES
- heritage language
- heritage-culture foods
basic multidimensional model of acculturation: HERITAGE VALUES
- collectivism
- interdependence
- familism
basic multidimensional model of acculturation: HERITAGE IDENTIFICATIONS
- country of origin
basic multidimensional model of acculturation: RECEIVING PRACTICES
- receiving-society language
- receiving-culture foods
basic multidimensional model of acculturation: RECEIVING VALUES
- individualism
- independence
basic multidimensional model of acculturation: RECEIVING IDENTIFICATIONS
- receiving country
enculturation
moving back towards heritage culture
Berry’s model of acculturation
4 possible outcomes of two cultures coming into contact
- assimilation
- integration
- separation
- marginalization
integration: Berry’s model of acculturation
keeping some things from old culture and mixing them with new
identification with both
society they’re entering benefits from the heritage components
no longer one culture - now a mix
assimilation: Berry’s model of acculturation
forget old culture completely
dropping all old values, identifications, practices for new culture
separation: Berry’s model of acculturation
hold on strongly to heritage culture
don’t engage with receiving culture
sometimes caused by one’s rejection from new society
ie. segregated neighbourhood
marginalization: Berry’s model of acculturation
don’t identify with either heritage or receiving culture
heritage culture rejected by receiving society
internal rejection as well
confusion, frustration, identity issues
cultural isolation
STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - QUESTIONS ASKED
- what TYPES of acculturation do immigrants in Canada generally fall into?
- what IMPACTS immigrants’ acculturation typology?
- how is acculturation typology related to WELLBEING among immigrants to Canada?
STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - SETUP
stats canada general social survey (2013)
7003 immigrants who arrived in Canada between 1980s and 2012
have country of origin data but not race data (classics stats can smh)
STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - FINDINGS from most to least common
from most to least common
- integration (60-74%)
- assimilation (18-34%)
- separation (4-2%)
- marginalization (5-3%)
STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - FINDINGS segmented how?
4 TYPES of acculturation
(integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization)
3 TIME periods
(2000-2012, 1990-1999, 1980-1989)
STUDY on acculturation and wellbeing among Canadian immigrants - FINDINGS TRENDS
- INTEGRATION type is INCREASING as time passes (60% to 74%)
- ASSIMILATION is DECREASING as time passes (34% to 18%)
- SEPARATION and MARGINALIZATION are relatively stable
predictors of acculturation typology
- those in SEPARATION category = much more likely report experiences of DISC than integration group
- those that immigrated before AGE 17 much more likely to be in ASSIMILATION group compared to integration
- if you immigrate between AGE 18-24, you were more likely to be in INTEGRATION group relative to separation
those in SEPARATION category = much more likely report experiences of DISC than integration group - WHY?
maybe they aren’t taking on RECEIVING culture practices, values, identifications because of discrimination, NOT from lack of desire to take it on
discrimination makes people feel unwelcome, discourages participation
those that immigrated before AGE 17 much more likely to be in ASSIMILATION group compared to integration - WHY?
before 17, identity is still forming and malleable
developmental considerations ie. importance of peer groups, esp in school context may lead to more assimilation
at older ages, identity has already been explored and cemented
if you immigrate between AGE 18-24, you were more likely to be in INTEGRATION group relative to separation - WHY?
still malleable, not set in your ways yet
have a half-baked identity
above 24, more fully baked
role changes at this time - naturally pushed to interact with more people from the receiving culture
wellbeing differences by acculturation typology - life satisfaction
HIGHTEST:
- integration and assimilation
LOWEST:
- separation and marginalization
wellbeing differences by acculturation typology - mental health
BEST:
- integration and separation
MIDDLE:
- assimilation
WORST:
- marginalization
mental health differences by acculturation typology - why is separation as high as integration?
likely live surrounded by ethnic group in a neighbourhood/community
speaking heritage language, participating in cultural events, eating traditional foods etc
acculturation summary - what we didn’t touch on
GIGANTIC TOPIC
- didn’t talk about gaps in acculturation between parents and kids
- collectivism vs individualism
- remote acculturation/enculturation (tech and globalization and digital access to diff cultures)
- biculturalism
acculturation summary
- practices, values and identifications that move towards host culture (acculturation) or towards heritage culture (enculturation)
- Berry model - can see most immigrants in Canada are in “integration” or “assimilation”
- integration most consistently associated with positive outcomes
1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting
new advances in biculturalism research - 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BICULTURAL ORIENTATION
- hybrid
- monocultural
- alternation
- complementarity
- conflict
HYBRID: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation
blend of 2 cultures
like mixing paint - a total, indistinguishable blend
MONOCULTURAL: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation
only ID with 1 culture
even though have 2 possible identities
ALTERNATION: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation
switching between cultural identities
different setting activate diff identities
code-switching between diff cultures
COMPLEMENTARITY: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation
compatibility between 2 cultures
but aren’t blended together
they have similarities/overlap but remain distinct
CONFLICT: 5 diff types of bicultural orientation
2 identities incompatible
wrestle with being part of 2 groups whose practices don’t overlap
1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting SETUP
1143 Canadian uni students from immigrant families
66.4% female
54% first gen, 41% second gen, 4.3% third gen
1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting QUESTIONS
- how is DISCRIMINATION associated with different orientations?
- how are orientations associated with PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS?
1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting - DISCRIMINATION FINDINGS
discrimination leads to MORE…
- distress
- HYBRID, MONOCULTURAL, ALTERNATING, CONFLICTING orientations
discrimination leads to LESS…
- COMPLEMENTARY orientation
1 study on biculturalism because it’s so interesting - DISTRESS FINDINGS
ALTERNATION and CONFLICTED are associated with MORE DISTRESS
other types are UNRELATED to distress
familism scale example items
“children should always help their parents with the support of younger siblings ie. with homework, caretaking”
“person should always support members of extended family ie. aunts, uncles, in-laws, even if it’s a big sacrifice”
“person should often do activities with their immediate/extended families ie. eat meals, play games, explore together”
“person should be a good person for sake of their family”
what is familism?
cultural values relating to:
- loyalty
- attachment
- family cohesion
- reciprocity
- honour
- subjugation of self
- respect
3 types of familism
- structural
- attitudinal
- behavioural
structural familism
family presence
boundaries
more ENVIRONMENTAL than focused on specific behaviours
ie. did you move into a multi-generation home to take care of elder fam members?
ie. did you move into same neighbourhood as your family?
attitudinal familism
strong identification and attachment to family
beliefs
ie. I feel attached to my family
ie. I believe these values are important
behavioural familism
actions that are expressed based on familism values
ie. lending help to family
ie. living at home
components of attitudinal familism
- support
- family as referent
- familial obligations
- respect
support - attitudinal familism
expectations that one’s family will provide necessary emotional and instrumental support when needed
family as referent - attitudinal familism
ensuring that one’s behaviours are consistent with family expectations/values
one’s attitudes and behaviours reflect on the family
familial obligations - attitudinal familism
putting family’s needs before oneself
respect - attitudinal familism
respect and obedience to parent/elders
attitudinal familism in action - 2 quotes
“if something happens to us, we behave as if we were siblings. if something happens…we call him, so he tells us what to do…yes, we have loved each other, more…how can I tell you? like siblings. I mean, we’re cousins, but I CAN COUNT ON HIM FOR ANYTHING”
“I rely on them for any emergency that I may have. that’s why I’m with them. I help them in every way I possibly can. IF THEY NEED ME, AT WHATEVER HOUR, I GO, BECAUSE THEY NEVER REFUSE TO HELP ME. if they’re in the hospital, I stay with them. because they treat me well, when I was ill, they helped me a lot…never left me alone”
behavioural familism - 2 quotes
“I borrow something from someone in my family if I have an emergency. I’m ashamed, but I HAVE BEEN LUCKY ENOUGH THAT IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN MY FAMILY, AND IF THEY SEE I’M IN TROUBLE, THEY ALWAYS HELP ME. and if I have to borrow money, they DON’T MAKE ME PAY IT ALL AT ONCE.”
“sometimes WE SEE EACH OTHER THREE TIMES A WEEK, when I don’t go over there, they come over here. THEY HAVE THE KEY, they SPEND THE NIGHT”
Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY QUESTION
- what are the overall associations between attitudinal familism and psychological outcomes among Latinx/Hispanic people?
- are there any MODERATORS of these relations?
Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY SETUP
meta-analysis - between 37 and 68 studies depending on the outcome
OUTCOMES = education, parental warmth/support, family conflict/negativity, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms
Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY MAIN EFFECTS
familism was PROMOTIVE of:
1. warmth/support
2. educational outcomes
familism REDUCED RISK for:
1. externalizing symptoms
2. internalizing symptoms
3. conflict/negativity
Cahill et al - what are the psychological impacts of familism? STUDY MODERATORS
- effects of familism on academics and internalizing symptoms was STRONGER for EARLY ADOLESCENTS compared to late adolescents and adults
- effects of familism on academics and internalizing behaviours was STRONGER for FOREIGN-BORN Latinxs living in the US
^in support of the immigrant paradox
(often first gen immigrants report better physical and mental health than second gen immigrants from same group)
Corona et al 2017 familism B - STUDY QUESTIONS
- how is FAMILISM associated with various OUTCOMES?
- can familism PROTECT against the harmful impacts of STRESS?
Corona et al 2017 familism B - STUDY SETUP
811 adults
age 18-45
171 Latinx, 415 East Asian, 225 White
77% women
Corona et al 2017 familism B - STUDY FINDINGS
familism associated with more ADAPTIVE OUTCOMES across the board
- LESS loneliness, depression and physical symptoms
- BETTER subjective health and self-esteem
stress associated with worse outcomes
Corona et al 2017 familism B - familism protected against…
impact of PERCEIVED STRESS on two outcomes:
- self-esteem
- subjective health
Corona et al 2017 familism B - protective factor of familism graph takeaways
- people experiencing LOW STRESS have similar self-esteem/health REGARDLESS of familism level
- people experiencing HIGH STRESS - those HIGH in familism have BETTER SELF-ESTEEM than those lower in familism
physical health effects of familism study QUESTION and SETUP
N = 247 mainly Black, Latinx, White eighth graders
- how do familism VALUES and familism BEHAVIOURS each PREDICT the body’s REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION?
- does this occur DIFFERENTLY based on racial GROUP?
physical health effects of familism study FINDINGS
- greater familism VALUES > BETTER inflammatory regulation in Black and Latinx youth
^BUT not in white youth
- greater familism BEHAVIOURS > better inflammatory regulation JUST among Black youth
physical health effects of familism study POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
a) greater daily family assistance (ie. chores) is associated with greater daily inflammation (more stress hormones) among adolescents
b) however, youth who had HIGH ROLE FULFILLMENT whilst engaging in daily family assistance behaviours had LOWER levels of inflammation
depends on PERCEPTION - when kids feel like they’re doing something IMPORTANT for their family, they have lower inflammation
possible downsides to familism - Latinx SGM youth and substance use
fear of rejection if caregivers find out about SGM status
Latinx SGM folks use substances to COPE with family conflict
possible downsides to familism - filial responsibilities, familism, and depressive symptoms among Latino YA
- differences between EXPRESSIVE caregiving (emotional support) and INSTRUMENTAL caregiving (chores, cooking)
- perceived UNFAIRNESS was related to more depressive symptoms
^ ONLY true for those with LOW and MEAN levels of FAMILISM
- INSTRUMENTAL caregiving was related to LESS depressive symptoms
- EXPRESSIVE caregiving was related to MORE depressive symptoms at MODERATE and HIGH levels of familism
instrumental or expressive caregiving: which was related to lower depressive symptoms?
INSTRUMENTAL caregiving was related to LESS depressive symptoms
expressive caregiving at moderate and high levels of familism was related to…
more depressive symptoms
general summary
- familism is an important cultural value highly endorsed in many minoritized, collectivistic groups
- respect for elders, importance of family unity, respect etc
- values vs behaviours > related but don’t always match (might be differentially related to outcomes)
- generally, familism is associated with positive outcomes across many domains
- however, there may be contexts in which familism can serve as a risk
